Anatomy
Anatomy
Питань: 76
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Питання 1 з 76
Питання 1
Roentgenological examination of skull base bones revealed enlargement of sellar cavity, thinning of anterior clinoid processes, destruction of different parts, destruction of different parts of sella turcica. Such bone destruction might be caused by a tumour of the following wndocrinous gland:
Питання 2
A patient has an incised wound on the posterior surface of his thigh and is unable to flex his lower leg. What muscles were damaged?
Питання 3
Thoracic duct rupture has occurred in a weightlifter, when he was lifting the bar. The injury to the thoracic duct is the most likely to be localized in the area of:
Питання 4
A woman complains of раіп іп the right іlіас region. Palpation detects there a soft, movie, and painful intestine. What intestine is being palpated?
Питання 5
А 25-year-old man came to the family doctor complaining of the loss of taste sensation in the front two- thirds of his tongue. The doctor determined that this condition was caused by the damage to a certain nerve. What nerve is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
Питання 6
A man with signs of peritonitis was brought to the admission room. He has a 12-year-long history of peptic ulcer disease with ulcer localization on the posterior gastric wall. He was diagnosed with gastric ulcer perforation. What anatomical structure is likely to be contaminated with gastric content in this case?
Питання 7
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. This function is carried out by valves, muscles, and vessels. What valve is located between the left ventricle and left atrium?
Питання 8
The patient has developed a refractive error, where the focal point of the image is located not precisely on the retina, but anterior to it. This causes distant objects to be blurry, while close objects often appear normal. Among the other signs there are headaches and eye strain. This condition is associated with retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma. Name this condition:
Питання 9
A patient has been found to have a marked dilatation of saphenous veins in the region of anterior abdominal wall around the navel. This is a symptom of pressure increase in the following vessel:
Питання 10
During appendectomy a patient had the a. appendicularis figated. This vessel branches from the following artery:
Питання 11
As a result of an injury a child developed an abscess of adipose tissue of the cheek. With time the process spread to the lateral surface of the pharynx. Pus had spread along the following fascia:
Питання 12
Examination of a teenager revealed а congenital heart disease, namely the functioning of Botallo's duct. In the prenatal period of development this duct connects the following organs:
Питання 13
A child is 6 years old. The permanent teeth have started to take the place of the primary teeth. What teeth are the first to emerge?
Питання 14
A patient cannot lift the lowered mandible. What muscles fail to perform their function in this case?
Питання 15
A patient was diagnosed with meningitis. A puncture of the subarachnoid space is necessary. This space can be located between the following structures:
Питання 16
A second deciduous molar was extracted in a 13-year-old child. What permanent tooth will erupt in its place?
Питання 17
A patient feels pain and numbness in the gums of the upper jaw. What nerves are most likely to be damaged in this case?
Питання 18
During examination of the patient's oral cavity, the dentist noticed the presence of a carious spot in the area of the linguodistal groove on the masticatory surface of the first upper right molar. This groove separates the following structure:
Питання 19
As a result of an injury, an area of the oral cavity was damaged. This area can be divided into the maxillary, intermediate, and mandibular zones. What part of the oral cavity is damaged?
Питання 20
When a newborn baby feeds, milk gets into the baby's nasal cavity. What is the most likely cause of this pathological condition?
Питання 21
The dentist should inject a local anesthetic to reduce pain sensation in the maxillary molars and adjacent facial soft tissue and gingiva. He inserts the needle through oral mucosa at the height of the maxillary vestibular fornix just posterior to the maxillary tuberosity. The needle is directed medially and superiorly toward the alveolar canals. Which of the following nerves is most likely to be blocked?
Питання 22
An 11-year-old boy comes to the pediatric dentist with the chief complaint of «not being able to close his left eye or smile». Examination reveals the disappearance of the nasolabial fold, the left eyebrow sagging, and partial inability to close the left eye. Which of the following nerves is most likely affected?
Питання 23
A 32-year-old woman presents with increased facial hair growth, headache and decreased libido. She is also currently concerned about sweating excessively temperature. Neurological examination shows loss of visual acuity in both temporal fields of views. A skull X-ray shows sella turcica enlargement and deformity. Which of the following anatomic structures would you most likely expect to be abnormal in this patient?
Питання 24
A previously healthy 8-year old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents because of fever and progressively worsening sore throat and dysphagia. Physical examination shows pharyngeal erythema with tender left and right cervical lymphadenopathy. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) shows fluid accumulation in the retropharyngeal space. A diagnosis of retropharyngeal abscess is suspected. Which of the following fasciae is most likely involved in this process?
Питання 25
All of the teeth in the mouth together are referred to as the dentition. Humans have two dentitions throughout life: One during childhood, called the primary dentition, and one that will hopefully last throughout adulthood, called the permanent (secondary) dentition. The first permanent molars usually begin their eruption by at:
Питання 26
Angiocardiography of a 60-year-old male patient revealed constriction of a vessel located in the left coronary sulcus of the heart. What is the pathological vessel called?
Питання 27
During surgery performed in abdominal cavity a surgeon located ligament of liver stretching from anterior abdominal wall (navel) to inferior surface of liver. What ligament is it?
Питання 28
A 29-year-old male with a knife wound of neck presents with bleeding. During the initial debridement of the wound the surgeon revealed the injury of a vessel found along the lateral edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Specify this vessel:
Питання 29
A patient complains of pain in the right lateral abdomen. Palpation revealed a dense, immobile, tumor-like formation. A tumor is likely to be found in the following part of the digestive tube:
Питання 30
An oncology patient is to undergo a surgery on the descending colon. Name the main source of blood supply to this organ:
Питання 31
During the surgery on the small intestine the surgeon revealed an area of the mucous membrane with a single longitudinal fold among the circular folds. Which portion of the small intestine is this structure typical for?
Питання 32
A 37-year old female presents to the clinic complaining of severe pain in her left wrist and tingling sensation in her left thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and some part of her ring finger. The pain started as an occasional throb and she could ignore it or take ibuprofen but now the pain is much worse and wakes her up at night. She works as a typist and her pain mostly increases after typing all day. Her right wrist and fingers are fine. Nerve conduction studies reveal nerve compression. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed in this patient?
Питання 33
A 38-year-old woman presents for evaluation to a clinic with painful ulceration in her right breast for the last 2 months. She is worried because the ulcer is increasing in size. On further questioning, she says that she has a discharge from her right nipple as well. Her mother and aunt died of breast cancer at 60 and 54 years of age, respectively. On examination, the right breast is enlarged and firm, with thickened skin, diffuse erythema, edema, and an ulcer measuring 3x3 cm. Mammography is ordered that shows a mass with a large area of calcifications, parenchymal distortion, and extensive soft tissue
and trabecular thickening in the aflected breast. The patient subsequently undergoes core needle and full-thickness skin punch biopsies. The pathology report states a clear dermal lymphatic invasion by tumor cells. Which of the following is the most common site for metastatic disease in this pathology?
Питання 34
After delivery of a child by pregnant woman, the midwife notices a defect in external genitalia of a newborn. The woman only had one prenatal ultrasound that reported a male fetus. On physical exam, the neonatologists notices a short, broad penis with an orifice in its dorsal aspect, both testicles are present in the scrotum. Which of the following is the most likely congenital abnormality?
Питання 35
A 7-week-old infant is brought to the pediatrician due to feeding difficulty for the last 4 days. She has been drinking very little breast milk and stops feeding as if she is tired, only to start sucking again after a few minutes. On chest auscultation, bilateral wheezing is present. A cardiac murmur starts immediately after the onset of the first heart sound (S1), reaching its maximal intensity at the end of systole, and waning during late diastole. The murmur is best heard over the second intercostal space and radiates to the left clavicle. The first heart sound (S1) is normal, while the second heart sound (S2) is obscured by the murmur. The pediatrician suspects a patent ductus arteriosus. Communication between which of the following arteries is the most likely cause of hemodynamic instability?
Питання 36
A surgeon suspects inflammation of the Meckel's diverticulum in a 10-year-old child. This condition requires a surgical intervention. What part of the intestine must be inspected to find the diverticulum?
Питання 37
Examination shows that the patient's sternocleidomastoid muscle and the upper edge of the trapezius muscle suffer from atrophy. Turning the head into the opposite direction is problematic. What nerve is affected in this case?
Питання 38
After an intracerebral hemorrhage, the patient's speech became indistinct. Sound production in the larynx and movements of the lower jaw are retained. The nuclei of what nerves have been affected by the hemorrhage in this case?
Питання 39
A person with a head injury in the temporal region has been diagnosed with an epidural hematoma. What artery is most likely to be damaged in this case?
Питання 40
A person with dilated subcutaneous veins clearly visible in the area of the navel («caput medusae») has been hospitalized. What large vein has impaired patency in this case?
Питання 41
A 75-year-old patient was diagnosed with rectal cancer. Into what regional lymph nodes can the metastases spread in this case?
Питання 42
Brain MRI shows a local dilation (aneurysm) of an artery in the lateral sulcus. What vessel has pathological changes in this case?
Питання 43
During pathological childbirth, separation of the pubic bones occurred in the woman. What type of bone junction was damaged in this case?
Питання 44
Because of cerebral hemorrhage, a patient developed impaired speech perception (sensory aphasia). What brain structure is likely to be damaged in this case?
Питання 45
During the surgery for a femoral hernia, the doctor operates within the borders of the femoral triangle. What structure forms its upper border?
Питання 46
Examination of a patient with a hearing impairment shows that the pathological process is localized at the level of the lateral lemniscus formation. At what level does is it normally form in the brain?
Питання 47
During smoking, cigarette smoke exits out of the patient's auricle. What structure of the auditory organ is damaged?
Питання 48
Into what anatomical area does the frontal sinus open through the ethmoid bone?
Питання 49
As a result of a stroke (hemorrhage in the brain), the patient cannot perform voluntary movements of the muscles in the head and neck. Brain examination using the NMR imaging revealed that the hematoma was located in the genu of the internal capsule. What conduction pathway is damaged in this patient?
Питання 50
What nerve passes in the area of the muscular lacuna?
Питання 51
What nerve provides the skin sensitivity of the anterolateral surface of the forearm with its branches?
Питання 52
What eye function will become impaired, if the ciliary body is damaged?
Питання 53
A person has been hospitalized into the trauma department of a hospital with an open fracture of the humerus, severe bleeding, and damage to a blood vessel that runs along with the n. axillaris in the foramen quadrilaterum. What vessel is it?
Питання 54
A patient presents with smoothed out right nasolabial fold and dilated right palpebral fissure (it cannot be closed during squinting, because the eyelids would not close). The patient has difficulty talking and eating (food becomes stuck between the cheek and teeth). What nerve is damaged in this case?
Питання 55
When performing right-sided lobectomy, the surgeon operates near the root of the right lung to isolate its structures. List the elements of the root of the right lung in their order from top to bottom.
Питання 56
During the surgery for a femoral hernia, the surgeon operates within the borders of the femoral triangle. What structure forms its upper border?
Питання 57
A 57-year-old man during examination presents with ascites, enlarged spleen, and esophageal varices. Histology of the biopsy material obtained from the liver reveals micronodular cirrhosis. What process has complicated the hepatic cirrhosis in this case?
Питання 58
To confirm the diagnosis of meningitis, a 45-year-old man needs to undergo diagnostic puncture of the subarachnoid space between the arches of the lumbar vertebrae (L3-L4). What ligament located along the spinal column is pierced with the needle, when this puncture is being performed?
Питання 59
A 25-year-old woman has been diagnosed with bartholinitis (inflammation of the greater vestibular glands). What organ of the genitourinary system contains these glands?
Питання 60
During examination of a 57- year-old man, impaired circulation was detected in his left atrial myocardium. Where in the arteries has the circulatory disorder occurred in this case?
Питання 61
After the birth, the ductus Botalli that was connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the embryonic period gradually obliterates and transforms into a ligament. Name this ligament.
Питання 62
A patient has been hospitalized with an open fracture of the squamous part of the occipital bone and severe bleeding from the wound. What is the likely cause of the severe bleeding in this case?
Питання 63
During examination of a newborn, the doctor diagnosed the baby with congenital muscular torticollis. What neck muscle is affected in this case?
Питання 64
A patient diagnosed with epidemic encephalitis presents with unilateral or bilateral ptosis (drooping eyelid), divergent strabismus, and impaired accommodation of the eye. The pupils are dilated. In this case, the nuclei of a certain pair of cranial nerves are damaged. Which pair of cranial nerves is it?
Питання 65
A patient has a temporal bone fracture. The fracture fine passes through the internal auditory meatus, causing disruption of the blood supply to the inner ear. What artery is damaged in this case?
Питання 66
Due to the presence of a malignant tumor on the tongue, the patient has been referred for its surgical removal. Where is it easy to find the lingual artery and ligate it?
Питання 67
When extracting a tooth, the dentist destroys the bonds between the cementum of the dental root and the tooth socket. What structure is it?
Питання 68
A hospitalized person has severe headache, nuchal rigidity, recurrent vomiting, and increased sensitivity to light stimuli. The patient has been diagnosed with meningitis and referred for a spinal tap. Where is the needle inserted for a spinal tap?
Питання 69
In the peripheral zone of the pulp, the cell activity is temporarily inhibited for certain reasons. What dental tissue is at risk of developing a deficiency of its physiological regeneration in this case?
Питання 70
A patient complains of an extremely runny nose and lost sense of smell. Where in the nasal cavity are located the receptors of the olfactory analyzer?
Питання 71
After a facial injury, the patient has a hematoma on the cheek. What salivary gland is likely to have its outflow blocked by this hematoma?
Питання 72
A 10-day-old baby has undergone a surgery for cleft upper lip («hare lip»). A split upper lip is caused by:
Питання 73
A man has been diagnosed with a subdural hematoma in the temporal region. What artery is damaged in this case?
Питання 74
A woman has been diagnosed with right-sided purulent parotitis. The doctor performed a surgery on the parotid gland, after which the patient noted asymmetry of her face and drooping of her upper eyelid and right angle of the mouth. What nerve has been damaged by the doctor in this case?
Питання 75
As a result of an injury, the patient developed a dysfunction of the parotid salivary gland. What nerve ensures its secretion?
Питання 76
У жiнки вiком 65 рокiв пiсля гiпертонiчного кризу виникла неврологiчна симптоматика. МРТ-дослiдження виявило крововилив у дiлянцi моста, у мiсцi проєкцiї ядра лицевого нерва злiва. З огляду на результати обстеження, якi ще симптоми можна очiкувати в пацiєнта?