Histology
Histology
Питань: 39
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Питання 1 з 39
Питання 1
A 24-year-old man undergoes surgery and during the operation, an organ is excised and sent for histological evaluation. A light microscopic examination reveals the organ encased by thin connective tissue capsule that enters the substance of the lobes to further subdivide the organ into irregular lobular units. Each lobule contains a cluster of follicles filled with colloid. Follicular epithelium consists of low columnar, cuboidal or squamous cells depending on the level of activity of the follicle. Which of the following organs does this tissue most likely belong to?
Питання 2
A 14-year old girl presents to the emergency department for evaluation of an 'infected lell'. She states there is no history of trauma but mentions she had a history of sickle cell disease. On physical examination, her upper part of right shin is very painful, red. swollen and hot. Her temperature is 39.2°C. An X-ray shows focal bony lysis and loss of trabecular architecture in the metaphysis of right tibia. Increased activity of which of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone reabsorption in this patient?
Питання 3
Histologic specimen of an ovary shows a follicle in its cortical substance. The follicle consists of a primary oocyte, transparent membrane, and one layer of prismatic cells. Specify the type of the follicle:
Питання 4
A newborn delivered at 33 weeks of gestation has a respiratory rate of 70/min. and heart rate of 148/min. 2 hours after birth. He is grunting and has
intercostal and subcostal retractions. He has peripheral cyanosis as well. An immediate chest radiograph is taken which shows a fine reticular granulation
with ground glass opacity on both lungs. A neonatologist suggests respiratory distress syndrome due to surfactant deficiency. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of these clinical and imaging findings?
Питання 5
A 14-year old girl presents to the emergency department for evaluation of an «infected leg». She states there is no history of trauma but mentions she had a history of sickle cell disease. On physical examination, her upper part of right shin is very painful, red, swollen and hot. Her temperature is 39.2°C. An X-ray shows focal bony lysis and loss of trabecular architecture in the metaphysis of right tibia. Increased activity of which of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone reabsorption in this patient?
Питання 6
An unidentified surgical specimen is received for histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Under
the microscope, you see an organ encapsulated by dense connective tissue that extends to the deeper areas by way of the trabecular extensions. The
organ can be subdivided into two regions: a cortex with lymphoid nodules and medulla with medullary cords populated by plasma cells, B-cells and T-cells.
Which of the following structures is most likely the origin of this surgical specimen?
Питання 7
During surgical intervention, an organ is removed from a 34-year-old patient and sent for histologic evaluation. The pathologist examines the slide. The organ is encased in a connective tissue capsule that extends septae into the organ's substance, which is portioned into cortex and medulla. It is richly vascularized and capsular blood vessels penetrate along with the septae. The medulla is fairly homogenous and consists of chromaffin cells, but in the cortex, three concentric zones can be distinguished. Which of the following is the most likely organ?
Питання 8
The main functions of neural tissue can be described as communication and integration. What is the basic unit of neural tissue that ensures its functioning?
Питання 9
Histological microslide shows an organ consisting of gray and white matter. The gray matter is located in the center and is made up of bundle neurons (neurocytus funicularis), radicular neurons (neurocytus radiculatus), and interneurons. Such morphology is characteristic of the following organ?
Питання 10
There is a system that maintains the balanced state of multicellular organisms. Its main functions are to ensure an adequate physiological response and to defend the body against infectious agents and other unintended invasions. What system has such functions?
Питання 11
Histological microslide shows a gastrointestinal organ. The wall of this organ consists of 4 layers: mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serous. The muscular layer has folds and pits. What organ has such appearance?
Питання 12
Work in a mine is known to cause inhalation of large amounts of coal dust. Inhaled coal dust can be detected in the following pulmonary cells:
Питання 13
Histologic specimen of a kidney demonstrates cells closely adjoined to the renal corpuscle in the distal convoluted tubule. Their basement membrane is extremely thin and has no folds. These cells sense the changes in sodium content of urine and influence renin secretion occurring in juxtaglomerular cells. Name these cells:
Питання 14
An electron micrograph shows a cell-to-cell adhesion consisting, in each cell, of an attachment plaque. The intercellular space is filled with electron-dense substance including transmembrane fibrillar structures. Specify this adhesion:
Питання 15
A histological preparation shows organ, where lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymph nodules, medullary cords and lymphatic sinuses. What organ is it?
Питання 16
A female patient presents with the ovarian hyperaemia, increased permeability of the blood-follicle barrier with the development of edema, infiltration of the follicle wall with segmental leukocytes. The follicle is large in volume. Its wall is thickened. What period of the sex cycle is the described situation typical for?
Питання 17
A histological specimen represents a blood vessel. Its inner tunica is composed of endothelium, subendothelium and internal elastic lamina. The middle tunica is rich in smooth muscle cells. What vessel is characterized by these morphological features?
Питання 18
Histological microslide shows cells that form isogenic groups. The intercellular substance contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and collagen fibers. What tissue is it?
Питання 19
Calcification of the intercellular substance of bone tissue is accompanied by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals along the collagen fibers. This process requires the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the intercellular matrix. Which of the following cells most likely produces this enzyme?
Питання 20
A histologic section is obtained from a diaphysis of a femur and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. At examination of the slide, a thin layer of connective tissue is identified which covers an outer surface of a bone in all places except joints. It consists of an outer layer composed of coarse fibrous connective tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerves, and the inner layer which is more cellular and less vascular. According to the description which of the following structures is most likely identified during the histologic evaluation?
Питання 21
Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen shows a structure of the oral cavity composed of the bone tissue, which is covered by stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium and lamina propria. The specimen has also minor mucous salivary glands. In all parts of the lamina propria the collagenous fibers form thick bundles that bind the mucosa to the periosteum. Based on these findings, which of the following is the most likely structure?
Питання 22
In microanatomy of some organs, there is a sheet-like structure, which underlies virtually all epithelia. It consists of basal lamina (made of type IV collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) and reticular lamina. Under the microscope, you can see it as a pink line under the epithelial cells. Which of the following is described above?
Питання 23
A 12-year-old patient has white non-pigmented spots on the skin. The spots appeared after the patient became 10 years old, and they constantly grow. This spots appeared due to the lack of the following skin cells:
Питання 24
Negative environmental factors have caused the dysfunction of myosatellite cells. What function of the whole muscle fibre is likely to be changed in this case?
Питання 25
A specimen of a parenchymal organ shows poorly delineated hexagonal lobules surrounding a central vein, and the interlobular connective tissue contains embedded triads (an artery, a vein and an excretory duct). What organ is it?
Питання 26
A microslide demonstrates an organ with its wall consisting of three layers. The inner layer has tubular glands and undergoes cyclic changes. Name this organ:
Питання 27
A patient at the oncology department has undergone radiation therapy. After that, morphology detected a significant disruption in the process of regeneration of epithelial layer in the small intestine mucosa. What cells of the epithelial membrane are damaged in this case?
Питання 28
One of the rules of surgery is to make incisions along the so-called Langer's lines (lines of skin tension). What tissue forms the strongest layer of the dermis - the reticular dermis?
Питання 29
A histological specimen of an eyeball shows a biconvex structure, connected to the ciliary body with the fibrous strands of the ciliary zonule and covered on top with a transparent capsule. What structure is it?
Питання 30
A patient with signs of jaundice has been hospitalized into the surgical department. Normally, bile does not enter the blood stream from the bile capillaries. What ultrastructural features of the hepatocyte structure contribute to this phenomenon?
Питання 31
During the first year of life, children easily develop seizures that can be associated with incomplete myelination of nerve fibers. What neuroglial cells are associated with this condition the most?
Питання 32
A geneticist examined a pregnant woman and determined that she has monozygotic twins. What process has resulted in the development of twins?
Питання 33
What is the function of the goblet cells in the pseudostratified ciliated epithehum of the bronchi?
Питання 34
After partial gastric resection, the patient developed anemia. This pathology is caused by the insufficient function of certain cells in the gastric mucosa. Name these cells.
Питання 35
A 25-year-old woman's blood test reveals elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) that is a biochemical marker of pregnancy What anatomical structure is the primary production site of this hormone?
Питання 36
In a histological specimen, a student identifies a parenchymal organ that contains numerous round structures of various sizes. Their wall is formed by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. Inside, the structures contain a homogeneous acellular mass that stains pink with eosin. What organ is it?
Питання 37
In histogenesis of bone tissue, two ways of its development are possible. What stages are not characteristic of membranous osteogenesis?
Питання 38
A baby has microcephaly. Doctors believe that this condition is caused by the baby's mother taking actinomycin D during her pregnancy. What germ layers have been affected by this teratogen?
Питання 39
What type of cells is normally predominant in the epithelium of the crypts in the large intestine?