Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Питань: 123
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Питання 1 з 123
Питання 1
After intensive training session an athlete presents with significant loss off vascular tone in the working muscles. These changes are caused by accumulation of the following in the vessels:
Питання 2
A 36-year-old woman suffers from a connective tissue disease (collagenosis). What metabolite is the most likely to be increased in her urine?
Питання 3
Blood serum analysis of the patient with acute hepatitis shows increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). What changes on the cellular level can result in such developments?
Питання 4
A patient was hospitalized with diagnosis of an intestinal carcinoid. Laboratory analysis detects increased synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan. This process is based on the following biological mechanism:
Питання 5
A 56-year-old woman is rushed to the emergency department with sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to her left arm and jaw. She has a history of periodic chest pain for which she uses nitroglycerine sublingually, but today her medication did not relieve the pain. Her blood pressure is 140/100 mm Hg, pulse - 130/min., respiratory rate-18/min., temperature - 37°C. A bedside electrocardiogram shows ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Blood is
drawn and sent to the lab, which is positive for specific biomarker. A diagnosis of acute inferior myocardial infarction is made, and the patient is sent to the catheterization lab for angioplasty with stent placement. Which of the following is the most likely specific and sensitive biomarker of cardiac injury?
Питання 6
A 40-year-old woman dies of intracerebral hemorrhage after the hypertensive emergency. During an autopsy, the pathologist reveals severe obesity, excess of body hair and wide purplish stria on the abdomen. Microscopic examination of pituitary gland reveals hyperplastic acini. What was the most likely underlying disease?
Питання 7
A male neonate born to a 24-year-old primigravida had jaundice at 8 hours f life The neonates red blood cell time was A+, while the mothers RBC type was 0+. Laboratory studies revealed elevated titer of mother's anti-A antibody, normal erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate and negative sickle cell test. The infant’s hemoglobin was 106 g/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of infant’s jaundice?
Питання 8
A 28-year-old man complains of nausea, vomiting, and right-sided subcostal pain. Objectively, his skin and sclerae are icteric, he has elevated body temperature, enlarged liver, dark urine, fecal hypocholia, hyperbilirubinemia (direct and indirect bilirubin), bilirubinuria, urobilinuria, hypoproteinemia, and decreased blood coagulability. What condition can be characterized by these changes?
Питання 9
During your physiology class, the professor asks you to explain the effect of various hormones and neurotransmitters on the metabolism of glucose in the human body. You open your report with the statement that the use of glucose by the cells is preceded by its transport from the intercellular substance into the cell. What hormone is most likely responsible for the glucose uptake by the cell?
Питання 10
A 27-year-old woman complains of insomnia, irritability, hand tremor, acute weight loss despite high appetite, and constant fever with body temperature of 37,2-37,5 *C. What endocrine gland is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
Питання 11
A 45-year-old woman came to her physician with complaints of extreme tiredness and weakness. She says that these symptoms lasts for a month already. Within the last 2 weeks she lost 3 kilograms. Objectively, she is tired-looking thin woman. Skin hyperpigmentation is observed in many areas of her body, most prominently on the face, neck, and the backs of her hands (the areas exposed to light). What hormone is producеd in an excess in this patient, most likely causing the hyperpigmentation?
Питання 12
A 2-year-old child with delayed physical and mental development was brought to the hospital. The child’s parents are the most concerned by frequent profuse vomiting that occurs in their child after eating. Laboratory testing detected phenylpyruvic acid in the child’s urine. What type of metabolism is disturbed, causing this pathology?
Питання 13
A patient underwent a course of treatment for atherosclerosis. Laboratory tests revealed an increase in the antiatherogenic lipoprotein fraction in the blood plasma. The treatment efficacy is confirmed by the increase in:
Питання 14
A 41-year-old male patient has a history of recurrent attacks of heartbeats (paroxysms), profuse sweating, headaches. Examination revealed hypertension, hyperglycemia, increased basal metabolic rate, and tachycardia. These clinical presentations are typical for the following adrenal pathology:
Питання 15
A drycleaner's worker has been found to have hepatic steatosis. This pathology can be caused by the disruption of synthesis of the following substance:
Питання 16
Inherited diseases, such as mucopolysaccharidoses, are manifested in metabolic disorders of connective tissue, bone and joint pathologies. The sign of this disease is the excessive urinary excretion of the following substance:
Питання 17
A 49-year-old man complains of pain in his metatarsophalangeal joints and joint deformation. In blood hyperuricemy can be observed. X-ray has revealed metatarsophalangeal joint space narrowing, erosion, periarticular calcification of the both joints, osteoporosis. Microscopy has revealed inflammatory granulomatous reaction surrounding necrotizing masses in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Choose the most likely diagnosis:
Питання 18
One of the factors that cause obesity is the inhibition of fatty acids oxidation due to:
Питання 19
Glucose content of blood stays at sufficient level after one week of starvation. Is it caused by activation of the following process:
Питання 20
A 60-year-old man consulted a doctor about an onset of chest pain. In blood serum analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of the following enzymes: creatine kinase and its МВ-isoform, aspartate aminotransferase. These changes indicate the development of the pathological process in the following tissues:
Питання 21
A patient with pituitary tumor complains of increased daily diuresis (polyuria). Glucose concentration in blood plasma equals 4,8 mmol/I. What hormone can be the cause of this if its secretion is disturbed?
Питання 22
A patient is diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis caused by vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. Observed is activity disruption of the following enzyme:
Питання 23
A 58-year-old man presents with the clinical picture of acute pancreatitis. This diagnosis can be confirmed by high levels of a certain substance in the patient's urine. Name this substance:
Питання 24
A 53-year-old woman has height of 163 cm, body weight of 92 kg, uniform fat deposition, and puffy face. She is inactive and apathetic. Pressing the front surface of lower leg leaves an indentation. What gland is dysfunctional in this woman, causing her pathological condition?
Питання 25
The prisoner, who went on a hunger strike, developed edemas. What is the mechanism of edema development in this case?
Питання 26
During examination, a 7-year- old child was diagnosed with multiple caries by the dentist. What medicine should be recommended for caries prevention in this case?
Питання 27
What is the secondary mediator in the mechanism of action of adrenaline?
Питання 28
During laboratory testing of the blood of a deceased person, the forensic pathologist diagnosed cyanide poisoning. What was the cause of death in this case?
Питання 29
Examination of a 40-year-old woman detected increased basal metabolism. What hormone levels are excessive in this woman, causing her pathological condition?
Питання 30
An enzyme that binds with the substrate uses only a part of its molecule to interact with it. Name this part of the enzyme molecule:
Питання 31
A cytochrome oxidase blocker was given to a test animal, causing its instant death. What chemical can cause these changes?
Питання 32
A 35-year-old woman is brought to the physician because of a 4-month history of progressive weakness of both lower limbs. She notes difficulty climbing stairs and complains of lethargy and loss of muscle bulk. Her diet consists primarily of «polished» rice. A diagnosis of dry beri-beri is suspected. Deficiency of which of the following vitamins is most likely to be detected in her blood?
Питання 33
A 40-year-old male comes to the physician because of recurrent painful flares and swelling of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint of the great toe. Laboratory study of urine sample shows extremely low pH and pink discoloration. Which of the following metabolic intermediates is the most likely cause of changes in this patient's urine?
Питання 34
An extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, can be caused by insufficient protein intake. As an example, Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in the diet where decreased plasma protein concentration leads to increased filtration of fluid into interstitium. Which of the following proteins is the most likely cause of decreased oncotic plasma pressure in a starving patient?
Питання 35
A 56-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain for the last several hours. The pain is cramp-like in nature, constant and has worsened over time. She gives a history of episodic right upper abdominal pain for the past few months, mostly after consuming fatty foods, radiating to the tip of the scapula. Ultrasound of the gallbladder shows hyperdense structures with an acoustic shadow (gallstones) and a thickened wall. Which of the following processes is most likely disturbed in presence of the stone in the gallbladder?
Питання 36
In the experiment an investigator reveals that glucose is actively taken up by cells (except brain cells). Moreover, gluconeogenesis in liver is stimulated and glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles is increased. Which of the following hormones is most likely responsible for these changes?
Питання 37
A 49-year-old man comes to his physician with complaints of moderate headaches and profuse sweating. He mentions that his coworkers have made comments about his apparent increase in gloves and boots size. He says that since he joined his company 10 years ago he has changed the size of clothes at least 4 times. Physical examination shows hyperhidrosis, noticeable large pores, hypertrichosis, widely spaced teeth and prognathism. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this pathology?
Питання 38
Fluorination of teeth is one of the major procedures which is used for enamel strengthening. Due to fluoride ions and fluoridation of the enamel, the teeth get protection from acidic environment and therefore dental caries is prevented. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of fluorine's anticaries effect?
Питання 39
Persistent and heavy proteinuria (albuminuria) associated with nephrotic syndrome leads to hypoalbuminemia, which changes plasma pressure resulting in severe generalized edema. According to the description which of the following circumstances tends to cause nephrotic edema?
Питання 40
Pancreas is known as a mixed gland. Endocrine functions include production of insulin by beta cells. This hormone affects the metabolism of carbohydrates. What is its effect upon the activity of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen synthase (GS)?
Питання 41
A 35-year-old man with peptic ulcer disease has undergone antrectomy. After the surgery secretion of the following gastrointestinal hormone will be disrupted the most:
Питання 42
For the study of sеrum proteins various physical and physicochemical methods can be used. In particular, serum albumins and globulins can be separated by this method:
Питання 43
A therapeutist has an appointment with a 40-year-old patient complaining of recurrent pain attacks in his hallux joints and their swelling. Urine analysis revealed its marked acidity and pink colour. What substances can cause such changes in the urine?
Питання 44
One of the causes of chronic pancreatitis is the autolysis of pancreatic parenchyma due to intraorganic conversion of trypsinogen into tripsin. How does this process occur in the duodenum under normal conditions?
Питання 45
The key reaction of fatty acid synthesis is production of malonyl-CoA. What зmetabolite is the source of malonyl-CoA synthesis?
Питання 46
A 16-year-old girl concerned about her sexual development comes to the physician. She mentions that she has still not had a menstrual period. However, she is otherwise a healthy girl with no significant medical problems since birth On physical examination, her vital signs are stable. She does not have pubic hair and her breast is slightly elevated with areola remaining, in contour with surrounding breast. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this abnormal physical development?
Питання 47
A 35-year-old woman has come to her physician with chief complaint of elevated blood pressure up to 180/100 mm Hg. She currently does not take any medications. During the physical examination, her blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 65/min. and temperature is 36.8°C. She has a «moon face», hirsutism, centripetal obesity, and striae on the skin with atrophy over the abdomen and thighs. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
Питання 48
A group of researchers aimed to study cardiac physiology found that overstretching of atria in the heart leads to decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and increase in glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following is the most likely cause of physiologic effects discovered by researchers?
Питання 49
A 45-year-old woman comes to her physician with complaints of excessive fatigue and weakness. She says that these symptoms have been present for
the past month. On further questioning, she admits having lost 3 kilograms in the last 2 weeks. On physical examination, she is a tired-appearing thin woman. Hyperpigmentation is present over many areas of her body, most prominently over the face, neck and back of hands (areas exposed to light).
Increased production of which of the following hormones is the most likely cause of hyperpigmentation in this patient?
Питання 50
A 37-year-old man is admitted to hospital with mental confusion and disorientation. His wife reports he became more irritable and forgetful in the past year. In addition, she notes that he became a vegan a year ago, and currently, his diet consists of starchy foods like potatoes, corn, and leafy vegetables. GI symptoms include anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting. He has glossitis and skin lesions that appear as vesicles over the extremities. Eczema-like lesions around the mouth, as well as desquamation and roughened skin over the hands are also present. Neurologic examination reveals symmetrical hypesthesia for all types of sensation in both upper and lower extremities in a «gloves and socks» distribution. Deficiency in diet of which of the following amino acids is the most likely cause of this condition?
Питання 51
A mother of a 4-month-old male infant brought him to pediatrician with complaints of food rejection and weight loss. He started having trouble latching onto his bottle. He has also become extremely lethargic. Examination reveals diminished muscle tone in all four limbs, and hepatosplenomegaly. An ophthalmoscopic exam reveals macular cherry red spots. During the next few weeks, hepatosplenomegaly progresses, the boy fails to thrive, and he
continues to reject food. Chest X-ray shows a reticulonodular pattern and rcalcified nodules. Biopsy of the liver shows foamy histiocytes. A Niemann-Pick
disease is suspected. Which of the following is the most likely deficient enzyme in this patient?
Питання 52
A male neonate born to a 24-year-old, who was pregnant for the fist time, had jaundice at 8 hours of life. The neonate's red blood cell type was A+, while
the mothers RBC type was O+. Laboratory studies revealed elevated titer of mother's anti-A antibody, normal erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate and
negative sickle cell test. The infant's hemoglobin was 106 g/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of infant's jaundice?
Питання 53
A 50-year-old man presents to the office with the complaint of pain in his left great toe. The pain started 2 days ago and has been progressively getting worse to the point that it is difficult to walk even a few steps. He adds that his left big toe is swollen and hot to the touch. He normally drinks 2-3 glasses of
red wine each day. Physical examination is notable for an overweight gentleman (BMI of 35) in moderate pain, with an erythematous, swollen, and
exquisitely tender left great toe. A complete blood count shows: hemoglobin - 120 g/L, hematocrit - 0.45, platelets - 160*10^9/L, leukocytes 8.0 - 10^9/L,
neutrophils - 65%, lymphocytes - 25%, eosinophils - 3%, and monocytes - 7%. Synovial fluid analysis shows cell count of 15,000 cells/mm^3 (80% neutrophils), negatively birefringent crystals present. Elevated concentration of which of the following compounds is the most common laboratory finding in these patients?
Питання 54
Oral mucosa sometimes can be traumatized during tooth brushing. However, such bleeding quickly stops by itself due to the presence of the following in the saliva:
Питання 55
Elevated blood homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular pathology. This amino acid is formed in the body from:
Питання 56
An increase in the circulating blood volume under the influence of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone leads to the activation of secretion of a certain substance. What substance is it?
Питання 57
A patient with scurvy presents with disturbed processes of proline and lysine hydroxylation in the collagen. What biochemical process is inhibited in this case, causing this disorder?
Питання 58
A patient with hyperthyroidism has high body temperature. What energy metabolism disorder is the leading one in the rise of the body temperature in this case?
Питання 59
A 29-year-old woman has a fever of 38, 3°C and intense pain in her lower abdomen, observed for the last several days. What substances mediate the synaptic transmission between the pain fibers that go from the pelvic organs and spinal cord neurons?
Питання 60
What happens, when blood pressure and stimulation of baroreceptors and atrial volume receptors are decreased?
Питання 61
What enzyme increases its activity in the patient's blood during a myocardial infarction?
Питання 62
A 50-year-old man complains of pain in his big toe. The doctor suspects gout. What laboratory test should the patient undergo to confirm this diagnosis?
Питання 63
Examination of a 5-year-old child with a hereditary kidney disorder detected signs of rickets, though laboratory tests showed normal vitamin D levels. What is the most likely cause of rickets in this case?
Питання 64
The deficiency of which blood clotting factor causes hemophilia B?
Питання 65
A large number of glucose oxidation metabolites are dissolved in the cytoplasm of myocytes. What metabolite can be directly converted into lactate?
Питання 66
In an experiment, the axons of the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus were severed in the test animal. As a result, the accumulation of a certain hormone will become disturbed in the pituitary gland. Name this hormones.
Питання 67
Laboratory tests detect signs of atherosclerosis in a 67-year-old woman. What transport forms of lipids are elevated in the patient's blood plasma?
Питання 68
Aldosterone regulates sodium levels in the body. What cells in the adrenal glands produce this hormone?
Питання 69
A 68-year-old man been diagnosed with hemorrhage in the anterior hypothalamus, which resulted in polyuria. What hormone is deficient in this case, resulting in decreased water reabsorption in the renal tubules?
Питання 70
Hemophilia B is caused by deficiency of a certain blood clotting factor. Name this factor.
Питання 71
One month after giving birth, a 25-year-old woman came to a doctor complaining of decreased breast milk supply. What hormone is deficient in this case, causing this pathological condition?
Питання 72
A 65-year-old patient has been diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. His blood was tested for the activity of cardiospecific enzymes. Which one of the detected enzymes has three isoforms?
Питання 73
Bile components are necessary for digestion and absorption of fats. What bile component is necessary for the emulsification of lipids?
Питання 74
A 26-year-old man came to an endocrinologist. Objectively, his height is 120 cm, has proportional built and his mental development is normal. These signs are characteristic of insufficient synthesis of a certain hormone during his childhood years. Name this hormone.
Питання 75
Gamma-aminobutyric acid is the most important mediator of the central nervous system. This biogenic amine forms in the process of decarboxylation of a certain amino acid. Name this amino acid.
Питання 76
A 9-year-old boy presents with delayed sexual development. What organ produces the male sex hormones that determine the development of the genitals before puberty?
Питання 77
It was established that overstretching of the cardiac atria results in decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and increasd glomerular filtration rate. What hormone most likely causes such physiological changes in the body?
Питання 78
Insufficient production of nitrogen monoxide (NO) causes hyperthermia, atherosclerosis, and impotence. What amino acid is used as a source, from which NO forms in the human body?
Питання 79
Pathologies of lipid metabolism include sphingolipidoses that can be characterized by the accumulation-of-excess phospholipids and sphingolipids, mainly in the nervous tissue. What disease is associated with accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in the body?
Питання 80
For the treatment megaloblastic anemia, the doctor prescribed a 13-year-old girl a medicine that stimulates the transition from megaloblastic to normoblastic type of hematopoiesis, takes part in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, and activates the synthesis of methionine and proteins. What has been prescribed for the patient?
Питання 81
After drinking sweet tea, blood levels of a certain hormone increase. Name this hormone.
Питання 82
A patient has been diagnosed with classical hemophilia A. What factor is deficient in this case, causing this pathology?
Питання 83
For caries prevention, dentists recommend limiting the intake of simple carbohydrates. What is the role of a cariogenic diet in the pathogenesis of defects of hard dental tissues?
Питання 84
Biochemical analysis of amino acid composition of freshly synthesized polypeptides shows that in the process of translation, in each of these proteins the first amino acid is always the same one. Name this amino acid.
Питання 85
The patient's blood has a C- reactive protein that chemically can be classified as a glycoprotein. What pathology does it indicate?
Питання 86
As a result of the blockage of the common bile duct (detected radiologically), the flow of bile into the duodenum has stopped. What process can be expected to become disturbed in this case?
Питання 87
An 11-month-old child has delayed teething, misaligned teeth, dry oral mucosa, and cracks appearing in the corners of the mouth with subsequent suppuration. This condition is likely to be associated with a deficiency of vitamin:
Питання 88
For early detection of a pregnancy, a urinalysis is performed. What hormone is likely to indicate pregnancy, if it is present in the woman's urine?
Питання 89
A 45-year-old woman with hypoparathyroidism came to a dentist. What renal function is likely to be impaired in this patient?
Питання 90
Salivary a-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds of starch. What ions function as its activators?
Питання 91
What is caused by an absolute deficiency of vitamin K in the body?
Питання 92
A 50-year-old woman complains of constant thirst, high fluid intake, and increased diuresis. Laboratory testing detects blood glucose levels of 12 mmol/L. Glucose was detected in her urine. What endocrine organ is dysfunctional in this case?
Питання 93
After one week of starvation, blood glucose of a person remains at a sufficient level, because of the activation of which process?
Питання 94
During examination, a 35-year-old woman was diagnosed with diffuse toxic goiter. What cells are hyperfunctional in this case, causing the disease?
Питання 95
When motility of the large intestine is disturbed, the processes of protein decay increase, resulting in formation of toxic products, in particular phenol. From which amino acid does this organic compound form?
Питання 96
A baby has a delay in eruption of the first teeth. What vitamin is deficient in this baby?
Питання 97
A man has been diagnosed with gigantism. What endocrine gland is dysfunctional in this case?
Питання 98
During a fire, a woman developed carbon monoxide poisoning. What hemoglobin compound will be detected in this patient?
Питання 99
In alkaptonuria, concentration of a certain acid increases in urine. Name this acid.
Питання 100
An elderly patient with insomnia has been prescribed a medicine containing melatonin. This hormone is synthesized from a certain amino acid in the human body. Name this amino acid.
Питання 101
Urinalysis of a patient with diabetes mellitus reveals glucosuria. What is the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption?
Питання 102
A patient with liver cirrhosis presents with impaired consciousness and neurological symptoms, caused by the toxic effect of ammonia on the central nervous system. What is the main mechanism in the development of ammonia toxicity?
Питання 103
An intern pharmacist needs to choose a vitamin supplement that is an oil solution for internal use, indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. What would you recommend in this case?
Питання 104
A 35 year old woman undergoes prolonged fasting to lose weight, which activates gluconeogenesis in her body to maintain the blood glucose levels.What is the key enzyme in this process?
Питання 105
Phosphorylation reactions in the cell are catalyzed by enzymes that have the trivial name of "kinases". What class of enzymes do they belong to?
Питання 106
What eicosanoids stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and play a role in development of inflammatory reactions?
Питання 107
What class of compounds does Cytochrome P450 belong to?
Питання 108
What pigment forms in the process of the heme oxidation reaction?
Питання 109
The activity of a certain enzyme must be measured in the blood of a patient diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. What enzyme is it?
Питання 110
The second stage of detoxification involves joining certain chemical compounds with functional groups of toxins. Select one such compound:
Питання 111
During routine preventive examination the 180. What substance can be identified with aqueous local pediatrician noticed a boy of short stature. Mental development of the child corresponds with his age. What endocrine disorder is it?
Питання 112
A patient consulted an ophthalmologist about deterioration of twilight vision and xerophthalmus. What drug should the doctor prescribe?
Питання 113
An oncological patient was prescribed fluorouracil that is a competitive inhibitor of thymidine synthase. It inhibits the process of:
Питання 114
A patient demonstrates symmetrical dermatitis on the palms. A doctor made a diagnosis of pellagra. What vitamin deficiency can result in such symptoms?
Питання 115
Hyperlipemia can be observed in 2-3 hours after eating fatty food. 9 hours later lipid content normalizes again. How can this condition be characterized?
Питання 116
A lot of peptides involved in the regulation of various biological processes are produced in the human body. They have high physiological activity. Which biologically active peptide is one of the main antioxidants and performs coenzyme function?
Питання 117
During hemoglobin catabolism iron is released. Then it enters the bone marrow and is again used for the synthesis of hemoglobin.Which of the following proteins helps in iron transport?
Питання 118
A 21-year-old patient during routine examination by an ophthalmologist was diagnosed with a visual impairment-gemeralopia (”night blindness”). What drug should she be prescribed to reduce the signs of this condition?
Питання 119
A poultry farm worker, who consumes 5 or more raw eggs daily, developes lethargy, drowsiness, muscle pain, hair loss,
seborrhea. What vitamin deficiency can lead to previously mentioned symptoms?
Питання 120
A patient presents with persistent tachycardia, exophthalmos, high excitability, increased basal metabolic rate. What disorder can lead to the development of this syndrome?
Питання 121
A 10-year-old child has cm and body mass of 67 kg. These presentations are caused by the functional disturbance of the:
Питання 122
During regular check-up a patient presents with enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, increased body temperature, heart rate up to 110/min. What hormone should be measured in the patient’s blood in this case?
Питання 123
Gastric juice analysis is of great diagnostic value in cases of gastric diseases. What compound is used as a secretion stimulator in clinical examinations?