Immunology
Cancer immunotherapy (immune-oncology) loosely echoes the radical therapy developed by William Coley in the late 19th century, in which he injected bacteria into cancer patients. Modern immunotherapy focuses on "educating" and boosting a body’s immune system so that it can recognize and attack cancer cells. Natural killer cells (a type of white blood cell are harnessed to identify and target infected cells. In 1975, two biochemists - Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler - laid the foundations for using antibodies as a means to destroy cancer cells. Antibodies are protein molecules made by B-cells, which are a type of lymphocyte. They bind to molecules (antigens) on the surface of targeted cells, such as bacteria, and signal to the immune system to destroy them. Milstein and Kohler found a way to stimulate B-cells to produce unlimited numbers of one specific type of antibody (monoclonal antibodies). The next step was to develop them to target cancer cells, a technique now used in the diagnosis and treatment of some cancers. The quest for immunotherapy with a greater reach has continued into the early 21st century. Much contemporary research focuses on T-cells, another type of lymphocyte. The role of killer T-cells is to travel around the body finding and destroying defective cells. When someone comes in contact with an infection, the body makes T-cells to fight that specific disease. After T-cells have performed their search-and-destroy mission, the body keeps a few of them in reserve, in case the same infection reoccurs. However, even though T-cells are good at fighting infections, they find it hard to identify cancer cells as "enemies". During the 1980s, American immunologist James P. Allison and his Japanese counterpart Tasuku Honjo, had discovered the chemical mechanism T-cells use to, recognize "hostile"infection cells and realized their potential to identify cancer cells. In 2002, researchers used CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cells to destroy prostate cancer cells in a laboratory experiment. After successful clinical trials, CAR T-cells are now used to fight certain kinds of leukaemia and lymphoma cancers.
2026 - Додаткова сесія - зима (АМПС)
2026 - Додаткова сесія - зима (АМПС)
Питань: 50
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Текст
Питання 1
Choose the correct statement:
Питання 2
The first successful use of CAR T-cells in clinical trials occurred in the 1990s.
Питання 3
What challenge do T-cells face when identifying cancer cells?
Питання 4
Choose the correct statement:
Питання 5
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Питання 6
What is the primary goal of modern immunotherapy?
Питання 7
What type of cells are targeted by natural killer cells?
Питання 8
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily involved in the search-and-destroy mission against defective cells?
Питання 9
William Coley developed a form of immunotherapy that involved the use of monoclonal antibodies.
Питання 10
Which cancers are currently being treated using CAR T-cells following successful clinical trials?
Питання 11
A 38-year-old woman developed a thrombolytic crisis after a long-haul flight. She has been diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, associated with the formation of abnormal hemoglobin S. What class of proteins does hemoglobin belong to?
Питання 12
After undergoing radiation therapy for a liver tumor, a 39-year- old patient developed an ulcer in his small intestine due to inhibition of the mitotic activity in the cells that regenerate the integumentary epithelium of the small intestine. Name these cells.
Питання 13
An 18-year-old girl developed sharp pain when swallowing, enlarged lymph nodes in her neck, and fever of 39oC. Her tonsillar mucosa had white-yellow films that were difficult to remove and would leave behind a defect, when removed. The patient’s condition was progressively deteriorating and she died on the eighth day after the onset with increasing signs of heart failure. What histological changes in cardiomyocytes are most likely in this case?
Питання 14
A histological specimen shows an organ with a stratified structure and covered with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Under the basement membrane of the epithelium, there is a loose connective tissue that has papillary protrusions. Underneath it, there is a dense irregular connective tissue that forms a reticular layer. What organ has such morphological features?
Питання 15
A 50-year-old man has suddenly developed intense palpitations, pain in the heart, acute weakness, increased blood pressure, and an irregular pulse with pulse deficit. ECG shows f-waves instead of a P wave, R-R intervals are irregular. What heart rhythm disorder is observed in the patient?
Питання 16
Brain MRI shows a local dilation (aneurysm) of an artery in the lateral sulcus. What vessel has pathological changes in this case?
Питання 17
After massive bleeding, urine production stopped in the woman’s body. What is the cause of anuria in this case?
Питання 18
Radiologically, a patient has been diagnosed with a humeral fracture in the area of the intertubercular groove. In this case, the tendon of a certain muscle has the highest risk of being injured by the bone fragments. Name this muscle.
Питання 19
A 48-year-old woman has been diagnosed with Raynaud syndrome and prescribed an adrenotropic agent. What group of drugs does it belong to?
Питання 20
A 47-year-old woman has become blind as a result of a chronic infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. To detect cytoplasmic inclusions specific for this pathogen, a microslide was prepared from the conjunctival scrape. What staining technique should be used in this case?
Питання 21
A child has been diagnosed with Tangier disease. What compound is absent in the child’s blood serum, making it possible to establish this diagnosis?
Питання 22
Autopsy of the body of a 28-year-old man, who had subacute glomerulonephritis and died with signs of progressing uremia, reveals easily removable whitish threadlike deposits on the surface of the pericardium, visceral and parietal pleura, and peritoneum. What type of inflammation is observed in the serosa of the deceased man?
Питання 23
Gastroscopy has detected a tumor-like formation 1.5 cm in diameter, attached to a pedicle, in the area of the lesser curvature. What is the character of the tumor growth in this case?
Питання 24
Artists often suffer from Wright’s syndrome (pectoralis minor syndrome) that can be characterized by impaired blood supply to the arm and its impaired innervation due to compression of the axillary vessels and trunks of the brachial plexus. During maximum shoulder abduction, the pectoralis minor muscle can press the neurovascular bundle to a certain anatomical structure of the scapula. Name this structure.
Питання 25
A 10-year-old boy has been hospitalized for examination because of his short stature. He has grown only 3 cm in the past two years. What hormone is deficient in this case, causing this health condition in the boy?
Питання 26
In diabetes mellitus, intensive formation of active acetic acid occurs. What can excess acetyl- CoA transform into?
Питання 27
A patient has a brain injury. In the postoperative period, the patient developed an increased risk of cerebral edema. What drug should be prescribed in this case to eliminate this complication?
Питання 28
A girl who was undergoing treatment with penicillin antibiotics for acute bronchitis developed allergic dermatosis on the third day. What drug should she be prescribed?
Питання 29
In the process of history taking, a patient with bronchial asthma informs that asphyxiation attacks usually occur at night and are preceded by moderate bradycardia. What group of cholinergic drugs would be indicated the most in this case?
Питання 30
A 58-year-old woman with essential hypertension was prescribed amlodipine by her doctor. What group of drugs does it belong to?
Питання 31
A patient with history of secondary syphilis has developed foci of skin depigmentation on her upper back. What pathological process has occurred in her skin?
Питання 32
In an experiment, the brain neurons of a test animal were electrically stimulated, resulting in hypophagia (refusal to eat). Where in the brain were the electrodes inserted in this case?
Питання 33
A patient presents with impaired urea synthesis, which indicates a pathology in the following organ:
Питання 34
At the intrauterine stage of development, a large arterial duct (ductus Botalli) functions in the vascular system of the fetus. After birth, this duct transforms into the ligamentum arteriosum. What does it connect?
Питання 35
A patient presents with a left ventricular anterior wall infarction. In this case, the circulatory disorder has occurred in the basin of the following blood vessel:
Питання 36
Plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to a certain antigen. When an antigen is introduced, the number of plasma cells increases. What blood cells increase in number in this case, causing the overall number of plasma cells to increase?
Питання 37
What hypothalamic nuclei can cause weakness of labor activity in childbirth, if they are hypofunctional?
Питання 38
When stimulation rate of an isolated rabbit heart increases, incomplete relaxation can be observed in its ventricles. What causes this phenomenon?
Питання 39
The disease onset was elongation, acute in a 7-year-old child, manifesting as hyperthermia, catarrhal phenomena, and diarrhea. During the second week, the child developed respiratory disorders and flaccid paralysis of the legs. X-ray detected bilateral focal pneumonia. Autopsy of the body revealed foci of glial reaction around the dead neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. What disease has caused the child’s death?
Питання 40
A 55-year-old woman with gout developed intense pain in the area of her kidneys. Ultrasound reveals the presence of kidney production of stones that in this case have most likely formed because of an increased concentration of a certain substance. Name this substance.
Питання 41
The work of intracellular mediators is one of the mechanisms of information transmission that changes the cellular activity. Adrenaline triggers a cascade of enzymatic reactions in the cell by activating a certain membrane enzyme. Name this enzyme.
Питання 42
A 30-year-old man has been hospitalized with profuse diarrhea lasting for the past 12 hours. There was no vomitting. What changes can be observed in the patient’s water-electrolyte balance and acidbase balance?
Питання 43
A woman has developed neuritis of the facial nerve that resulted in paralysis of her facial muscles and impaired hearing. In this case, the hearing loss has been caused by the paralysis of a certain muscle. Name this muscle.
Питання 44
Transcription is the process of mRNA matrix synthesis on DNA matrix. Name the stages of transcription.
Питання 45
A child presents with delayed physical and mental development. Biochemical testing detects increased levels of a certain keto acid in child’s urine that produces a qualitative color reaction with ferric chloride. What hereditary disease does this child have?
Питання 46
In the process of meiosis, the separation of the autosomes was impaired, causing the formation of an ovum with an additional copy of chromosome 21. The ovum has been fertilized by a sperm with the normal chromosome number. What syndrome will the resulting child have?
Питання 47
A 56-year-old man has been hospitalized with complaints of general weakness, pain and burning in his tongue, and numbness of his limbs. He has history of gastric cardia resection. Blood test results: hemoglobin — 80 g/L, erythrocytes — 2.0 · 1012/L, color index — 1.2, leukocytes — 3.5 · 109/L. What type of anemia is it?
Питання 48
A patient with chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis has anemia. What is the pathogenesis of anemia in this case?
Питання 49
A person had salted herring, potatoes, and pickles at lunch. After a while, this person became thirsty. This sensation has been caused by impulsation from certain receptors. Name these receptors.
Питання 50
An influenza epidemic has occurred in the city. What can be recommended in this situation for nonspecific disease prevention?