Regenerative medicine
Organ transplantation is often hindered by organ availability and the problem of tissue rejection. The relatively new science of "regenerating" human cells and tissues aims to overcome such obstacles, paving the way for growing organs to order.
In 2006, Japanese researcher Shinya Yamanaka made the crucial discovery that multipotent stem cells (those with the capacity to develop into a range of specialized cell types within a specific organ) can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent cells (those with the potential to grow into any cell type). Yamanaka's vital work reversed the development of multipotent cells, turning them back into immature cells with the potential to grow into a range of different body cells.
In 2015, using the techniques pioneered by Yamanaka, researchers working at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, developed a 3D printing process that can print human stem cells derived from a donor's own tissue. This paved the way for making laboratory-grown human tissue available for wider use, both in transplantation and in pharmaceutical research.
Brazilian researchers in 2019 reprogrammed human blood cells to form hepatic organoids, in effect "mini livers" to mimic the functions of a normal liver, such as storing vitamins, producing enzymes, and secreting bile. Only miniature livers have been produced so far, but the technique could be used to produce entire organs for transplantation.
2026 - АМПС 2 день
2026 - АМПС 2 день
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Питання 1
Yamanaka's discovery made it possible to turn mature cells back into immature cells.
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What is one major problem with organ transplantation?
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The mini livers created by Brazilian researchers can perform all functions of a natural liver.
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What are pluripotent stem cells capable of doing?
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What did Shinya Yamanaka discover in 2006?
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The text states that fully functional human organs have already been successfully grown and transplanted.
Питання 7
What technology was developed at Heriot-Watt University in 2015?
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What is a potential future application of these technologies?
Питання 9
What did Brazilian researchers create in 2019?
Питання 10
Why is using a donor's own tissue important in 3D printing?
Питання 11
Under anaerobic conditions, the breakdown of a glucose molecule has resulted in the formation of two lactate molecules and two ATP molecules. What is this process called?
Питання 12
After eating salt-rich foods, a patient experiences thirst due to an increase in blood plasma osmolarity. What hormone secretion will increase in response to this?
Питання 13
Matrix mutations disrupt the binding of RNA polymerases. What process will be impaired as a result?
Питання 14
A 26-year-old man came to an endocrinologist. Objectively, his height is 120 cm, he has proportional built and his mental development is normal. These signs are characteristic of insufficient synthesis of a certain hormone during his childhood years. Name this hormone.
Питання 15
A child with impaired immune response underwent an examination to assess antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes. For this test, a biopsy sample must be obtained from a certain organ. Name this organ.
Питання 16
Autopsy of the body reveals a large dense gray area in the myocardium. Histologically, it consists of coarse fibrous connective tissue surrounded by hypertrophied muscle fibers. What changes developed in the heart?
Питання 17
What regulatory mechanisms increase the heart rate, when the body's position changes from horizontal to vertical?
Питання 18
The blood test of a child, who was fed cow's milk formula, detects severe anemia: erythrocytes - 4⋅10¹² /L, hemoglobin - 65 g/L, reticulocytes - 0.1%. What type of anemia has developed in the child?
Питання 19
A material was taken from the pharynx and nose of a child with acute tonsillitis. When cultured on egg-yolk salt agar, the isolated culture formed opaque, round, smooth yellow colonies surrounded by an iridescent halo. The coagulase test was positive. What microorganism was isolated in this case?
Питання 20
A patient, who has been taking betamethasone for a long time to treat bronchial asthma, started taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without consulting a doctor. After a while, he developed gastric bleeding caused by a stomach ulcer. What drug has most likely caused this complication?
Питання 21
A 55-year-old man diagnosed with radiation sickness has been hospitalized into the intensive care unit with signs of hemorrhagic syndrome. What changes in the laboratory findings are the main ones in the pathogenesis of this pathological condition?
Питання 22
Along with the general pathways of amino acid metabolism, some amino acids also have their specific metabolic pathways. Impaired metabolism of a certain amino acid can result in decreased synthesis of melanin, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones. Name this amino acid.
Питання 23
A child inhaled a button that was later removed from the right main bronchus using a bronchoscope. What bronchial epithelium is most likely to be damaged there by such a foreign body?
Питання 24
A patient with a penetrating injury to the anterior abdominal wall presents with damage to the mesentery of the intestine that limits sinus mesentericus dexter from above. Name this intestine.
Питання 25
A man who has sustained an eye injury when working at a factory came to the emergency unit of a hospital. After examining the patient, the doctor concluded that the external fibrous tunic of the eyeball was damaged. What structure of the eye has been damaged in this case?
Питання 26
When morphine is discontinued after its long-term use, it can result in severe mental, neurological, and somatic disorders. What is the name of this pathological condition?
Питання 27
As a result of an accident, a person sustained a spinal injury. Damage to the spinal cord is suspected. Damage to the I–II sacral segments of the spinal cord can be identified if a certain reflex is impaired. Name this reflex.
Питання 28
tRNA is an important component of the protein-synthesizing system that functions as an adapter. The interaction between a tRNA and its corresponding amino acid requires their mutual recognition and subsequent attachment, which is catalyzed by:
Питання 29
During the examination of a newborn, the doctor diagnosed the baby with congenital muscular torticollis. What neck muscle is affected in this case?
Питання 30
A 25-year-old red-haired patient noticed enlargement and inflammatory changes around a nevus on his right shin after intense sun exposure. Examination of the biopsy specimen allowed establishing the diagnosis of nodular melanoma. The tumor was removed together with the adjacent tissues. What pigment is a marker of the histogenetic origin of this tumor?
Питання 31
A 45-year-old patient has been hospitalized with the diagnosis of pneumonia. His test results reveal that the infection has been caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. What group of bacteriostatic drugs should be prescribed to the patient in this case?
Питання 32
A patient complains of being unable to raise his right arm above the horizontal level. Examination detects winging of the medial border of his right scapula. What muscle is dysfunctional in this case?
Питання 33
A 30-year-old woman visits her doctor for a routine check-up. During the examination, she presents with a slight change in the shape and position of her auricles, an abnormal curvature of her fifth finger, a high-arched palate, and abnormal tooth growth. Her reproductive function is not impaired. The patient has been provisionally diagnosed with "superfemale" syndrome. What karyotype is characteristic of this pathology?
Питання 34
A man developed prolonged suppuration of a wound after an injury to the limb. His death occurred with signs of severe intoxication. Autopsy of the body reveals multiple small abscesses in the lungs, kidneys, and myocardium. Hyperplasia of the spleen with numerous neutrophils in its sinuses can be observed. What clinical and morphological form of sepsis is it?
Питання 35
A 69-year-old patient complained of periodic pain under her left scapula and in her left shoulder. After significant physical exertion, the pain sharply intensified. ECG allowed diagnosing her with an acute myocardial infarction. What type of pain has occurred in this case?
Питання 36
A teenager with delayed sexual development, gynecomastia, and long limbs came to a medical geneticist. Analysis of the epithelial cells from the patient's oral cavity detects Barr bodies. What syndrome can be indicated by this finding?
Питання 37
A blood smear shows a large round cell with slightly basophilic cytoplasm, containing varying numbers of very fine azurophilic granules. The nucleus is pale and bean-shaped. The chromatin is present in the form of fine granules, dispersed throughout the nucleus. Identify this blood cell.
Питання 38
An endocrinologist has diagnosed a woman with exophthalmos, eyelid tremor, increased sweating, and tachycardia. These symptoms are likely to accompany a pathology of a certain endocrine gland. Name this gland.
Питання 39
On the fifth day of life, a newborn baby developed skin lesions that allowed diagnosing the baby with the development of scalded skin syndrome (Ritter's disease). What microorganism has caused this condition in the baby?
Питання 40
When performing right-sided lobectomy, the surgeon operates near the root of the right lung to isolate its structures. List the elements of the root of the right lung in their order from top to bottom.
Питання 41
A patient with gastritis complains of sour belching and frequent constipations. Titration of the patient's gastric juice reveals increased levels of hydrochloric acid. Assess the acidity of the patient's gastric juice.
Питання 42
Examination of a 5-year-old child with a hereditary kidney disorder has detected signs of rickets, though the child's laboratory tests show normal vitamin D levels. What is the most likely cause of rickets in this case?
Питання 43
A 45-year-old woman has developed a pigmented formation in the form of a nodule on the skin of her face. Microscopically, fields of spindle-shaped and polymorphic cells, containing a brown pigment and undergoing a large number of mitoses, were detected in the biopsy material. What pathological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 44
A 52-year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis was taking diclofenac sodium capsules. After a while, he began experiencing epigastric pain and discomfort, nausea, and dyspeptic disorders. What mechanism of action of the drug has resulted in this complication?
Питання 45
To treat the inflammatory process in the vascular layer of the eye (uveitis), it is necessary to dilate the pupil. For this purpose, the patient has been prescribed phenylephrine. What group of drugs can amplify the mydriatic effect of this drug?
Питання 46
A woman died suddenly at week 34 of her pregnancy during a seizure episode. Autopsy and histology of the necropsy material detect edema and intracerebral hemorrhage. The liver is variegated due to dystrophic changes and necrosis of hepatocytes. The kidneys are enlarged and variegated, with microscopic signs typical of membranous glomerulonephritis. Dystrophy and ischemic necrosis of cardiomyocytes are observed in the myocardium. What disease can be characterized by such changes?
Питання 47
A patient with burns that cover up to 60% of the surface of his body received a skin graft. Three weeks after the surgery, transplant rejection is observed. What cells are involved the most in this pathological process?
Питання 48
Autopsy of the body has revealed over 200 small helminths 4–13 mm in size in the liver. They have two suckers at the anterior end of the body and two branched testes at the posterior end. What pathological diagnosis will the doctor make in this case?
Питання 49
A patient with severe dehydration due to vomiting and diarrhea, lasting over the past several days, has been admitted to the infectious diseases unit of a hospital. What change should be expected in the patient's cardiovascular system?
Питання 50
To determine the leukocyte differential count, a blood smear must be prepared. What staining method should be used for this purpose?