Medical systems
Each of the ancient civilizations developed medical practices, many of them linked to religious rituals. In Egypt, in the 4th millennium BCE, serious disease was regarded as the work of the gods — probably as a punishment for a misdemeanour in the current or past life. Temple priests administered herbal medications, carried out healing rituals, and placated the gods with offerings. By the 2nd millennium BCE, there were Egyptian doctors who specialized in disorders of the eyes, digestion, joints, and teeth, and in surgery that was informed by many centuries of experience in mummification and embalming. In China, the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine) sets out the principles and methods of traditional Chinese medicine. In India Ayurvedic medicine developed from around 800 BCE. Still practised by some physicians today, its central premise is that illness is caused by an imbalance between the body's three elemental doshas: vata (wind), pitta (bile), and kapha (phlegm). The task of the vaidya, the Ayurvedie physician, is to detect imbalances and correct them using herbal and mineral remedies, bloodletting, laxatives, enemas, emetics, and massage. Ancient China developed a theory of health based on balance within the body between the oppositions of yin and yang, the five elements of fire, water, earth, wood, and metal, and the life-sustaining energy of qi flowing along the body's many meridians (channels). Chinese medicine included some remedies that were common to other ancient civilizations, such as herbs, diets, and massage, but it also developed its own practices. It placed great emphasis on the pulse for diagnosis, and on acupuncture - the insertion of needles along the meridians - to correct imbalances in the body.
2024 - Англійська частина(АМПС) 2 день
2024 - Англійська частина(АМПС) 2 день
Питань: 50
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Текст
Питання 1
What technique did ancient Chinese medicine use to correct imbalances?
Питання 2
Ayurvedic medicine considers illness to be caused by an imbalance of the body's three elemental doshas.
Питання 3
Ayurvedic medicine includes practices such as bloodletting, laxatives, and massage for correcting imbalances.
Питання 4
What did ancient Chinese medicine emphasize for diagnosis?
Питання 5
What was the role of temple priests in ancient Egyptian medicine?
Питання 6
What was the task of the vaidya in Ayurvedic medicine?
Питання 7
What is the central premise of Ayurvedic medicine?
Питання 8
How did ancient Egyptians view serious diseases?
Питання 9
Which ancient civilization used mummification and embalming techniques that influenced their medical practices?
Питання 10
Ancient Chinese medicine did not develop its own practices but relied solely on remedies common to other ancient civilizations.
Питання 11
A 56-year-old woman complains of pain in the small joints of her hands and feet. She has been experiencing these symptoms for the last 12 years. Examination of her hands detects a subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joints with fingers bent outwards (“walrus flippers"). There are high molecular weight immune complexes in the patient's blood. What disease corresponds with such pathological changes?
Питання 12
What enzyme increases its activity in the patient's blood during a myocardial infarction?
Питання 13
What drug causes dilation of the pupil and paralysis of accommodation when instilled in the eyes?
Питання 14
During examination, a patient presents with dilated subcutaneous veins in the umbilical region ("caput medusae"). This sign is caused by impaired blood flow in a certain vessel. Name this blood vessel.
Питання 15
A 48-year-old woman diagnosed with radiculitis complains of an intense pain syndrome. She is undergoing treatment for peptic ulcer disease of the duodenum. What selective COX-2 blocker should she be prescribed?
Питання 16
During examination, a man has asthenia, muscle dystonia, and a balance disorder. What part of the central nervous system is affected in this case?
Питання 17
Into what anatomical area does the frontal sinus open through the ethmoid bone?
Питання 18
As a result of a stroke (hemorrhage in the brain), the patient cannot perform voluntary movements of the muscles in the head and neck. Brain examination using the NMR imaging revealed that the hematoma was located in the genu of the internal capsule. What conduction pathway is damaged in this patient?
Питання 19
The disease onset was acute in a 7-year-old child, manifesting as hyperthermia, catarrhal phenomena, and diarrhea. During the second week, the child developed respiratory disorders and flaccid paralysis of the legs. X-ray detected bilateral focal pneumonia. Autopsy of the body revealed foci of glial reaction around the dead neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. What disease has caused the child's death?
Питання 20
A 45-year-old woman complains of a constant feeling of fear and anxiety. She was prescribed a drug with an anxiolytic effect. Select this drug from the list.
Питання 21
What changes can be expected in an isolated heart after adrenaline is introduced into the perfusion solution?
Питання 22
What nerve passes in the area of the muscular lacuna?
Питання 23
A 47-year-old woman became blind as a result of a chronic infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. To detect cytoplasmic inclusions specific for this pathogen, a microslide was prepared from the conjunctival scrape. What staining technique should be used in this case?
Питання 24
During the lunch, a person ate salted herring and potatoes with pickles. After a while, this person became thirsty. This sensation has been caused by impulsation from certain receptors. Name these receptors.
Питання 25
A 50-year-old man complains of pain in his big toe. The doctor suspects gout. What laboratory test should the patient undergo to confirm this diagnosis?
Питання 26
Examination of a 5-year-old child with a hereditary kidney disorder detected signs of rickets, though laboratory tests showed normal vitamin D levels. What is the most likely cause of rickets in this case?
Питання 27
Amniocentesis revealed that the karyotype of the fetus was 45, X0. What syndrome is it?
Питання 28
A 45-year-old woman has developed a pigmented formation in the form of a nodule on the skin of her face. Microscopically, fields of spindle-shaped and polymorphic cells containing brown pigment and undergoing a large number of mitoses were detected in the biopsy material. What pathological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 29
With what is the pressor effect of angiotensin II associated?
Питання 30
The deficiency of which blood clotting factor causes hemophilia B?
Питання 31
Helicobacter pylori was detected in a patient with peptic ulcer disease of the stomach. What drug should be used in this case?
Питання 32
A 6-year-old child has been diagnosed with a helminthic infestation. What changes can be observed in the child's leukogram in this case?
Питання 33
During the examination of a newborn, the doctor diagnosed the baby with congenital muscular torticollis. What neck muscle is affected in this case?
Питання 34
What nerve provides the skin sensitivity of the anterolateral surface of the forearm with its branches?
Питання 35
What eye function will become impaired, if the ciliary body is damaged?
Питання 36
A certain structure of the central nervous system was destroyed in a frog. As a result, the animal leaned towards its damaged side due to a significant decrease in the tone of the extensors. What structure of the central nervous system was damaged in the experiment?
Питання 37
A newborn delivered at 33 weeks of gestation has the respiratory rate of 70/min. and the pulse of 148/min. at the second hour of life. The neonatologist suspects respiratory distress syndrome caused by surfactant deficiency. What is the most likely mechanism of developing such a clinical presentation?
Питання 38
A large number of glucose oxidation metabolites are dissolved in the cytoplasm of myocytes. What metabolite can be directly converted into lactate?
Питання 39
A 30-year-old patient with a femoral fracture was brought to the hospital after a car accident. The patient presents with sharply reduced blood pressure of 70/40 mm Hg, a weak pulse, and increased pain response provoked by the slightest touch in the damaged area. What should be administered in this case to prevent traumatic shock in the patient?
Питання 40
What regulatory mechanisms cause an increase in the heart rate, when the body's position changes from horizontal to vertical?
Питання 41
What acid-base imbalance can be observed in the patients with accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum?
Питання 42
Histology of the autopsy material obtained from deceased pregnant woman detected cells of the squamous epithelium of the embryo's skin, downy hair, lubricant, caseous lubricant, and mucins from the embryo’s digestive tract in the microcirculatory system of the lungs. Edema, diffuse alveolar damage, and systemic thrombosis with fibrin thrombi were detected in the lungs. What type of embolism occurred in this woman?
Питання 43
In an experiment, despiralization of the DNA molecule was disrupted in a mammalian cell. What process will become primarily disrupted in this cell as a result?
Питання 44
What group of organisms has nucleoids circular DNA molecules that form chromosomes with a simple structure (no histones)?
Питання 45
Laboratory testing detected hyperchromia of erythrocytes, as well as megalocytes and megaloblasts, in the blood of a 28-year-old woman. What type of anemia is it?
Питання 46
What complication will develop in a patient diagnosed with hepatic cirrhosis and extremely low levels of albumin and globulin in the blood serum?
Питання 47
Autopsy detected stenosis of the left atrioventricular opening in the heart of a 50-year-old woman. Histology revealed focal cardiosclerosis in the myocardium and “flowering" Aschoff-Talalaev granulomas. What is the most likely cause of the patient's death?
Питання 48
In an experiment, the axons of the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus were severed in the test animal. As a result, the accumulation of a certain hormone will become disturbed in the pituitary gland. Name this hormones.
Питання 49
What is the function of the goblet cells in the pseudostratified ciliated epithehum of the bronchi?
Питання 50
What drug is a third-generation calcium channel blocker?