The Schola Medica Salernitana
The Schola Medica Salernitana is the first formal medical teaching school emerged from the European Dark Ages in the 9th century CE in Salerno, southern Italy. It drew on influences from Islamic, Jewish, Greek, and Roman medicine. For four centuries, the reputation of this school, Schola Medica Salernitana, as a centre of teaching excellence was probably unrivalled in medieval Europe. Students, teachers, and those seeking medical treatment travelled long distances to reach Salerno. In 1099, for example, Robert II of Normandy travelled from northern France to receive medical attention. Salerno had the world's most extensive medical library, with texts by Islamic physicians al-Razi (854-925) and Ibn Sina (980-1037), and other texts from Montecassino reflecting the teachings of ancient Greece and Rome. The school provided thorough curriculum-based teaching, typically with three years of study followed by four years of hands-on training. Wоmen were welcomed as students and teachers at Salerno. In the early or mid-12th century, the most prominent of these was Trota (or Trocta), a physician, educator, and writer. Her specialities were gynaecology and midwifery, but she gave students a grounding in a range of diagnostic tools, including how to analyse urine, check pulse rates, and examine skin tone. Salerno's reputation peaked in the late 12th century, when Rogerius (c. 1140-95) became its most famous teacher and surgeon. His Practica Chirurgiae (Practice of Surgery) was considered a standard text for at least 300 years. Written in 1180, it was the first work to deal with treatments arranged anatomically, describing diagnoses and treatments for diseases and disorders of the head, neck, arms, chest, abdomen, and legs. Rogerius's pioneering work included methods for detecting tears in the cerebral membrane (the Valsalva manoeuvre) and realigning damaged tissues (reanastomosis). By the 12th century, other medical schools had been set up in Europe, including those at Montpellier in France, Bologna and Padua in Italy, Coimbra in Portugal, Vienna in Austria, and Heidelberg in Germany all modelled on Salerno. French surgeon Guy de Chauliac (c. 1300-68) studied at Montpellier and Bologna, and was appointed to the most prestigious position in Europe - personal physician to Pope Clement VI. Chauli- ac's Chirurgia Magna (Great/work on Surgery) covered an array of subjects, including anatomy, anaesthetics, bloodletting, drugs, fractures, and wounds. The seven-volume text was translated from Latin into many languages and became a new authority for surgeons until the 17th century, when new medical theories began to emerge.
2025 - Англійська частина(АМПС) 1 день
2025 - Англійська частина(АМПС) 1 день
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Питання 1
Which statement accurately describes the curriculum at the Schola Medica Salernitana?
Питання 2
Who was Trota (or Trocta), noted for her contributions to medicine at Salerno?
Питання 3
In what century did the Schola Medica Salernitana reach its peak reputation?
Питання 4
In addition to Salerno, which other European city had a renowned medical school by the 12th century?
Питання 5
What marked the decline of the Schola Medica Salernitana's influence in the 17th century?
Питання 6
What was Rogerius's pioneering contribution to medical literature?
Питання 7
Women were not allowed to study or teach at the Schola Medica Salernitana.
Питання 8
Students, teachers, and patients traveled long distances to reach Salerno due to its reputation as a medical center.
Питання 9
Choose the correct statement regarding the influence of the Schola Medica Salernitana on other European medical schools:
Питання 10
Which pope appointed Guy de Chauliac as his personal physician?
Питання 11
In a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with a malignant lung tumor, CT has revealed new foci in different locations. What process causes these phenomena?
Питання 12
Two soldiers, who were bitten by ticks during training in a forest area, came to a medical station with complaints of fever, chills, general weakness, and headache. Objectively, the site of the bite exhibits redness with a clearly visible center surrounded by a flat peripheral zone that expands. What disease can be diagnosed in these soldiers?
Питання 13
A 39-year-old man has been diagnosed with epidemic recurrent typhus. What fever curve is typical of this disease?
Питання 14
A person has been hospitalized into the trauma department of a hospital with an open fracture of the humerus, severe bleeding, and damage to a blood vessel that runs along with the n. axillaris in the foramen quadrilaterum. What vessel is it?
Питання 15
A 25-year-old woman diagnosed with myasthenia gravis was prescribed a drug by a neurologist to improve her muscle function. Administering of the drug was accompanied by increased salivary gland secretion, lacrimation, sweating, and diarrhea. What drug was prescribed by the doctor in this case?
Питання 16
Laboratory tests detect signs of atherosclerosis in a 67-year-old woman. What transport forms of lipids are elevated in the patient's blood plasma?
Питання 17
A patient presents with smoothed out right nasolabial fold and dilated right palpebral fissure (it cannot be closed during squinting, because the eyelids would not close). The patient has difficulty talking and eating (food becomes stuck between the cheek and teeth). What nerve is damaged in this case?
Питання 18
A 45-year-old man has been hospitalized into the intensive care unit with heavy metal poisoning. What diuretic should be prescribed in this case to induce forced diuresis?
Питання 19
Autopsy of the body of a 67-year-old man, who died of chronic cardiovascular failure, revealed macrophages with a brown pigment in the alveoli of the lungs. This finding indicates accumulation of a certain pigment. Name this pigment.
Питання 20
Aldosterone regulates sodium levels in the body. What cells in the adrenal glands produce this hormone?
Питання 21
A 58-year-old woman with essential hypertension prescribed amlodipine by her doctor. What group of drugs does it belong to?
Питання 22
A 68-year-old man been diagnosed with hemorrhage in the anterior hypothalamus, which resulted in polyuria. What hormone is deficient in this case, resulting in decreased water reabsorption in the renal tubules?
Питання 23
Laboratory testing detects hyperchromia of erythrocytes, as well as megalocytes and megaloblasts, in the blood of a 28-year-old woman. What type of anemia has occurred in the patient?
Питання 24
Hemophilia B is caused by deficiency of a certain blood clotting factor. Name this factor.
Питання 25
A bacteriological laboratory has received a material obtained from a patient diagnosed with peritonitis. Microscopy of the material revealed Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. What morphological structure of a bacterial cell causes Gram staining?
Питання 26
In a 49-year-old man, laboratory blood gas test reveals decreased levels of CO2 hypocapnia. What pathological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 27
Autopsy of the body of a 47- year-old man detects an ulcer 3 cm in diameter on the posterior gastric wall. The ulcer penetrates into the pancreatic tissue adjacent to the intestine. There are multiple steatonecroses in the area of the ulcer in the pancreas and in the surrounding fatty tissue. What complication of peptic ulcer disease has occurred in this man?
Питання 28
A histological specimen of an eyeball shows a biconvex structure, connected to the ciliary body with the fibrous strands of the ciliary zonule and covered on top with a transparent capsule. What structure is it?
Питання 29
Autopsy of the body of a 49-year-old woman, who had community-acquired pneumonia and died of pneumococcal sepsis, revealed up to 700 mL of turbid greenish-yellow fluid with an unpleasant odor in the left pleural cavity. The pleural layers are dull and plethoric. What pathological process occurred in the pleural cavity of the deceased woman?
Питання 30
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis that uses DNA as a matrix. Name the stages of transcription.
Питання 31
A phthisiologist has prescribed a semi-synthetic antibiotic to a patient with tuberculosis. This drug has a bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, because it inhibits RNA synthesis. However, the doctor has warned the patient that his saliva, sputum, and tear fluid may color red as a result. What drug has been prescribed by the doctor?
Питання 32
A 35-year-old man came to a gastroenterologist with complaints of belching, a feeling of overfilled stomach, nausea, lack of appetite, and nocturnal epigastric pain. The doctor suspects a gastric ulcer caused by H. pylori invasion. What rapid noninvasive diagnostic test should be prescribed to the patient to confirm the diagnosis?
Питання 33
One month after giving birth, a 25-year-old woman came to a doctor complaining of decreased breast milk supply. What hormone is deficient in this case, causing this pathological condition?
Питання 34
What acid-base imbalance can be observed in the patients with accumulation of ketone bodies in blood serum?
Питання 35
Liver diseases are usually accompanied by coagulopathy, namely hypocoagulation. What is this pathological condition associated with?
Питання 36
Some motile cells of have multicellular organisms have special organelles that are thin extensions of cytoplasm, containing a bundle of microtubules - an axial filament or axoneme. What are these organelles called?
Питання 37
When performing right-sided lobectomy, the surgeon operates near the root of the right lung to isolate its structures. List the elements of the root of the right lung in their order from top to bottom.
Питання 38
During the surgery for a femoral hernia, the surgeon operates within the borders of the femoral triangle. What structure forms its upper border?
Питання 39
A 65-year-old patient has been diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. His blood was tested for the activity of cardiospecific enzymes. Which one of the detected enzymes has three isoforms?
Питання 40
During the lunch, a person ate salted herring and potatoes with pickles. After a while, this person became thirsty. This sensation has been caused by the signal sent by certain receptors. Name these receptors.
Питання 41
During local anesthetization a man developed anaphylactic shock. What drug must be administered in this case?
Питання 42
Autopsy of the body of a 56-year-old man, who had fibro-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis, revealed an enlarged dense spleen. On section, the spleen tissue is brownish-pink, smooth, with a waxy surface. What pathological process is most likely being observed in the spleen in this case?
Питання 43
During examination, a 52- year-old man has asthenia, muscle dystonia, and a balance disorder. What part of the central nervous system is affected in this case?
Питання 44
Bile components are necessary for digestion and absorption of fats. What bile component is necessary for the emulsification of lipids?
Питання 45
A 57-year-old man during examination presents with ascites, enlarged spleen, and esophageal varices. Histology of the biopsy material obtained from the liver reveals micronodular cirrhosis. What process has complicated the hepatic cirrhosis in this case?
Питання 46
In an experiment, the test animal was accidentally given a large amount of potassium chloride, resulting in its death. What caused the cardiac arrest in the animal in this situation?
Питання 47
A 26-year-old man came to an endocrinologist. Objectively, his height is 120 cm, has proportional built and his mental development is normal. These signs are characteristic of insufficient synthesis of a certain hormone during his childhood years. Name this hormone.
Питання 48
To confirm the diagnosis of meningitis, a 45-year-old man needs to undergo diagnostic puncture of the subarachnoid space between the arches of the lumbar vertebrae (L3-L4). What ligament located along the spinal column is pierced with the needle, when this puncture is being performed?
Питання 49
A 25-year-old woman has been diagnosed with bartholinitis (inflammation of the greater vestibular glands). What organ of the genitourinary system contains these glands?
Питання 50
A 55-year-old man diagnosed with radiation sickness has been hospitalized into the intensive care unit with signs of hemorrhagic syndrome. What changes in the laboratory findings are the main ones in the pathogenesis of this pathological condition?