Candidiasis
Mucocutaneous infection results in oropharyngeal (thrush) or vaginal or cervical candidiasis; intertriginous lesions of the gluteal folds; paronychia; and onychia. Dysfunction of T lymphocytes, other immunologic disorders are associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Chronic or recurrent oral candidiasis can be the presenting sign of HIV infection or primary immunodeficiency. Esophageal and laryngeal candidiasis can occur in patients who are immunocompromised. Disseminated or invasive candidiasis occurs in very low birth weight neonates and, in immunocompromised or debilitated hosts, can involve virtually any organ or anatomic site and be rapidly fatal. Like other Candida species, C albicans is present on skin and in the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of immunocompetent people. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is associated with pregnancy, and newborns can acquire the organism in utero, during passage through the vagina, or postnatally. Person-to-person transmission occurs rarely. Factors such as extreme prematurity, neutropenia, or treatment with corticosteroids increase the risk of invasive infection. Patients receiving broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, especially extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and vancomycin have increased susceptibility to infection. Postsurgical patients can be at risk, particularly after cardiothoracic or abdominal procedures. The presumptive diagnosis of mucocutaneous candidiasis or thrush can usually be made clinically, but other organisms or trauma can also cause clinically similar lesions. Yeast cells and pseudohyphae can be found in C albicans-infected tissue and are identifiable by microscopic examination of scrapings. A definitive diagnosis of invasive candidiasis requires isolation of the organism from a normally sterile body site (eg, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow) or demonstration of organisms in a tissue biopsy
2023 - Англійська частина(АМПС)
2023 - Англійська частина(АМПС)
Питань: 50
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Питання 1 з 50
Текст
Питання 1
Oral candidiasis is always a symptom of HIV infection.
Питання 2
Candidiasis affects only mucous membranes of the body.
Питання 3
Choose the correct statement..
Питання 4
Choose the correct statement ..
Питання 5
The patients in the ICU have a high possibility of developing candidiasis.
Питання 6
How can a definitive diagnosis of invasive candidiasis be made?
Питання 7
What factors increase the risk of getting candidiasis?
Питання 8
Choose the correct statement:.
Питання 9
What patients have a higher risk of getting infected with candidiasis?
Питання 10
Candidiasis can indicate a problem with the immune system.
Питання 11
The patient's leukogram is as follows: leukocytes – 14 • 10^9/L; myeloblasts – 71%; promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes – 0%; band neutrophils – 6%, segmented neutrophils – 13%; lymphocytes – 7%, monocytes – 3%. What is the patient's blood pathology?
Питання 12
Due to the presence of a malignant tumor on the tongue, the patient has been referred for its surgical removal. Where is it easy to find the lingual artery and ligate it?
Питання 13
For caries prevention, dentists recommend limiting the intake of simple carbohydrates. What is the role of a cariogenic diet in the pathogenesis of defects of hard dental tissues?
Питання 14
A patient with a malignant tumor has been prescribed a narcotic analgesic for pain relief. What is the mechanism of analgesic action of such drugs?
Питання 15
During a selection for revaccination with the BCG vaccine, a schoolboy has undergone the Mantoux test that turned out to be negative. What does this test result indicate?
Питання 16
When extracting a tooth, the dentist destroys the bonds between the cementum of the dental root and the tooth socket. What structure is it?
Питання 17
A hospitalized person has severe headache, nuchal rigidity, recurrent vomiting, and increased sensitivity to light stimuli. The patient has been diagnosed with meningitis and referred for a spinal tap. Where is the needle inserted for a spinal tap?
Питання 18
Biochemical analysis of amino acid composition of freshly synthesized polypeptides shows that in the process of translation, in each of these proteins the first amino acid is always the same one. Name this amino acid.
Питання 19
Name the change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene that is associated with the rotation of a certain DNA segment by 180°.
Питання 20
The parents of a newborn came for medical and genetic counseling. Their baby is suspected to have Edwards syndrome that manifests as micrognathia, microstomia, and a short upper lip. What testing methods are necessary to clarify the diagnosis?
Питання 21
The patient's blood has a C- reactive protein that chemically can be classified as a glycoprotein. What pathology does it indicate?
Питання 22
The most important thing in the specific treatment of anaerobic infections is the timely administration of the serum that contains specific antibodies. In this case, the serum aims to neutralize:
Питання 23
In histogenesis of bone tissue, two ways of its development are possible. What stages are not characteristic of membranous osteogenesis?
Питання 24
As a result of the blockage of the common bile duct (detected radiologically), the flow of bile into the duodenum has stopped. What process can be expected to become disturbed in this case?
Питання 25
Examination of the oral cavity shows marked edema and hyperemia of the gums, supragingival and subgingival calculus, and formation of pocket-like cavities filled with structureless masses and food debris in the area of the dentogingival junction. These pockets produce purulent discharge, when pressed. X-ray shows resorption of the bone tissue in the tooth sockets. What is the diagnosis in this case?
Питання 26
During an accident on a nuclear submarine, a conscript soldier received a radiation dose of 5 Gy. He complains of headache, nausea, and dizziness. What changes in the leukocyte count can be expected after such irradiation?
Питання 27
In the peripheral zone of the pulp, the cell activity is temporarily inhibited for certain reasons. What dental tissue is at risk of developing a deficiency of its physiological regeneration in this case?
Питання 28
During an examination of a 10-year-old child, a dentist detected numerous brown spots with a smooth surface but without enamel defects, located all over the surface of the dental crowns. What is the most likely dental pathology in this child?
Питання 29
Name the sequence of special functional DNA segments and structural genes that encode synthesis of a certain group of proteins that belong to one metabolic series.
Питання 30
A baby has microcephaly. Doctors believe that this condition is caused by the baby's mother taking actinomycin D during her pregnancy. What germ layers have been affected by this teratogen?
Питання 31
A patient has been hospitalized into the intensive care unit in a severe condition. It is known that he mistakenly took sodium fluoride that blocks cytochrome oxidase. What type of hypoxia has developed in the patient?
Питання 32
A puncture material obtained from myeloid tissue of a 6-year-old child contains cells with pyknosis and cellular enucleation that occur in the process of their differentiation. What type of hematopoiesis can be characterized by these morphological changes?
Питання 33
A patient complains of an extremely runny nose and lost sense of smell. Where in the nasal cavity are located the receptors of the olfactory analyzer?
Питання 34
Experimental studies of membrane ionic currents in the dynamics of action potential development have shown that the ionic current that causes the repolarization phase can be classified as:
Питання 35
Histology of the diaphysis of a tubular bone shows basophilic cells with developed organelles of synthesis located on its surface under a layer of fibers. These cells take part in regeneration of bone tissue. In what layer of the diaphysis are they located?
Питання 36
During the examination of a pregnant woman, a dentist detected 3 round formations on her oral mucosa. The formations appeared 3 days ago. They have a white-gray surface with a red rim and are up to 1 cm in diameter. What is the diagnosis in this case?
Питання 37
Preventive examination of a 9-year-old girl has revealed one matte white spot (chalk-like and lacking its natural luster) on the enamel in the cervical region on the vestibular surface of her tooth 21. The girl has no subjective complaints. What is the most likely diagnosis in this case?
Питання 38
An 11-month-old child has delayed teething, misaligned teeth, dry oral mucosa, and cracks appearing in the corners of the mouth with subsequent suppuration. This condition is likely to be associated with a deficiency of vitamin:
Питання 39
А 38-year-old woman has developed a bronchial asthma attack. What broncholytic that is a B2-adrenergic agonist would be effective for providing emergency aid in this case?
Питання 40
For early detection of a pregnancy, a urinalysis is performed. What hormone is likely to indicate pregnancy, if it is present in the woman's urine?
Питання 41
Hyposalivation, observed in sialolithiasis, and both acute and chronic inflammations of the salivary glands, causes the development of:
Питання 42
A 45-year-old woman with hypoparathyroidism came to a dentist. What renal function is likely to be impaired in this patient?
Питання 43
A patient has arterial hypertension with signs of angina pectoris. The patient has been prescribed an antianginal drug that is a calcium antagonist. Name this drug.
Питання 44
Salivary a-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds of starch. What ions function as its activators?
Питання 45
A patient, who has overdosed on a narcotic substance, is unconscious and has hypothermia, hypotension, and persistent miosis. What aid would be most effective and ensure the patient's survival in this case?
Питання 46
A patient, who was taking a highly effective anti-tuberculosis drug, has developed gynecomastia at the end of the treatment course. What drug has caused this side effect?
Питання 47
A baby has a delay in eruption of the first teeth. What vitamin is deficient in this baby?
Питання 48
After a facial injury, the patient has a hematoma on the cheek. What salivary gland is likely to have its outflow blocked by this hematoma?
Питання 49
What is caused by an absolute deficiency of vitamin K in the body?
Питання 50
A 10-day-old baby has undergone a surgery for cleft upper lip («hare lip»). A split upper lip is caused by: