2024 - Англійська частина(АМПС) стомат
2024 - Англійська частина(АМПС) стомат
Питань: 50
70:00
Питання 1 з 50
Текст
Pandemics are outbreaks of infectious disease spread over multiple countries. Some spread rapidly but are less damaging, such as the pandemic swine flu of 2009. Others spread slowly but are highly dangerous, such as Ebola. A few spread quickly and make many who catch it very ill. The COVID-19 outbreak that erupted in 2020 is one such pandemic. The Great Influenza was one of the most devastating pandemics in history, killing 50 million people in the wake of World War I. Like COVID-19, this was caused by a virus - now identified as a deadly strain of the H1N1 influenza virus. A major discovery in the century between these two outbreaks is that all it can take to trigger a pandemic is a tiny chance mutation in a virus, especially an influenza virus or a coronavirus such as the virus that causes COVID-19. That mutation conceals the virus's identity, leaving the human body defenceless. The proximity of people and animals in the modern world makes such mutations highly likely. Pandemics are complex global threats that test to the limits how people and governments behave. Epidemiologists have made much progress in understanding how an epidemic spreads from one area to multiple countries (at which point it becomes a pandemic), and experts provide detailed protocols for taking action. Yet vaccines remain the one proven weapon against such outbreaks. In 2005 - more than 80 years after the Great Influenza pandemic - American virologist Jeffery Taubenberger revealed the complete genetic structure of the 1918 H1N1 virus, enabling it to be reconstructed and analysed. This was a landmark achievement in increasing scientists' ability to pin down the exact nature of a mutant virus and provide the necessary data to create a vaccine quickly.
Питання 1
Ebola is caused by a highly contagious virus that spreads rapidly.
Питання 2
What was the cause of the Great Influenza pandemic in the wake of World War I?
Питання 3
Epidemiologists have provided detailed protocols for taking action against pandemics, including measures other than vaccines.
Питання 4
Why is it mentioned that some pandemics spread slowly but are highly dangerous, like Ebola?
Питання 5
American virologist Jeffery Taubenberger developed a vaccine for the 1918 H1N1 virus.
Питання 6
According to the text, what remains the one proven weapon against pandemics?
Питання 7
What major discovery occurred in the century between the Great Influenza and COVID-19 outbreaks?
Питання 8
What is the common feature of both influenza viruses and coronaviruses mentioned in the text?
Питання 9
What is the primary role of epidemiologists in addressing pandemics?
Питання 10
What is mentioned as a potential trigger for a pandemic in the modern world?
Питання 11
During the examination of a 10-year-old child, a dentist detected numerous brown spots with a smooth surface and without enamel defects, located all over the surface of the dental crowns. What is the most likely dental pathology in this child?
Питання 12
No nitrogenous base that is a component of one DNA codon can be at the same time a component of another codon. What characteristic of the genetic code is it?
Питання 13
What anatomical structures are connected by the ductus arteriosus (ductus Botalli) during the intrauterine period of fetal development?
Питання 14
After removal of the parathyroid glands, a 43-year-old man developed complaints of lethargy, thirst, and a sharp increase in neuromuscular excitability. These symptoms are caused by disturbed metabolism of a certain substance. Name this substance.
Питання 15
A 50-year-old woman complains of constant thirst, high fluid intake, and increased diuresis. Laboratory testing detects blood glucose levels of 12 mmol/L. Glucose was detected in her urine. What endocrine organ is dysfunctional in this case?
Питання 16
A 37-year-old man has been diagnosed with dilation of the subcutaneous veins of the anterior thoracic and abdominal wall, intestinal bleeding, and splenomegaly. What pathological condition is observed in the patient?
Питання 17
Histology of a jaw bone tumor shows that it consists of epithelial islands with signs of cellular atypism and a small amount of keratinized substance in their center — "cancer pearls". What oncological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 18
A 71-year-old man with angina pectoris takes 100 mg of acetylsalicilic acid daily. For what purpose does this patient take acetylsalicilic acid?
Питання 19
The patient's leukogram is as follows: leukocytes - 14*10^9/L: myeloblasts - 71%; promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes - 0%; band neutrophils - 6%; segmented neurtrophils - 15%; lymphocytes - 7%, monocytes - 3%. What is the patient's blood pathology?
Питання 20
Examination of the kidneys of a man, who died of uremia, revealed their atrophy, induration, and pale color. Congo Ked staining of the microslides revealed red deposits in the glomeruli, vessel wall, stroma, and under the tubular epithelium. What pathological process was detected by the doctor in this case?
Питання 21
A puncture material obtained from myeloid tissue of a 6-year-old child contains cells with pyknosis and cellular enucleation that occur in the process of their differentiation. What type of hematopoiesis can be characterized by these morphological changes?
Питання 22
What pathological condition is caused by the absolute deficiency of vitamin K in the body?
Питання 23
A 64-year-old man has a 10-year-long history of ischemic heart disease and has been taking furosemide for a long time as a component of complex therapy for this disease. What drug should be prescribed to the patient to prevent the development of hypokalemia?
Питання 24
A patient has been hospitalized into the intensive care unit with the diagnosis of ketoacidotic coma. During extination, loud breathing with deep intensified exhalation is observed. What type of pathological breathing is it?
Питання 25
Autopsy of the body of a man revealed cavities in his lungs. The inner walls of the cavities consist of granulation tissue of varying degree of maturity, Marked pneumosclerosis and bronchiectasis are observed. Some of the cavities have areas of caseous necrosis. What pathological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 26
After one week of starvation, blood glucose of a person remains at a sufficient level, because of the activation of which process?
Питання 27
A 13-year-old child has been diagnosed with tonsillitis and prescribed a combined sulfonamide drug with a bactericidal effect. What drug was prescribed to the child?
Питання 28
What test should the patient undergo to confirm the diagnosis of gonorrhea?
Питання 29
What type of cells is normally predominant in the epithelium of the crypts in the large intestine?
Питання 30
What microbiological material must be obtained to confirm the diagnosis of recurrent epidemic typhus?
Питання 31
A 10-year-old boy with marked hemorrhagic syndrome has no antihemophilic globulin A in his blood plasma. What mechanism of coagulation hemostasis is disturbed in this case?
Питання 32
During examination, a 35-year-old woman was diagnosed with diffuse toxic goiter. What cells are hyperfunctional in this case, causing the disease?
Питання 33
During meiosis, various combinations of genes form in the gametes, which ensures the appearance of new traits in the istspring. What type of variability is it?
Питання 34
At the molecular level, the process of spontaneous passive transport of water-soluble molecules across the cell membrane takes place in living organisms. The molecules move across the cell membrane from the area of a higher concentration towards the area of a lower concentration using specific transmembrane integral proteins. This type of transport does not directly require the chemical energy obtained in the process of ATP hydrolysis. Name this process.
Питання 35
A histological specimen demonstrates a blood vessel. Its tunica intima consists of endothelium, subendothelium, and internal elastic lamina. The tunica media is lined with smooth muscle cells. What vessel can be characterized by these morphological features?
Питання 36
A man has been diagnosed with a subdural hematoma in the temporal region. What artery is damaged in this case?
Питання 37
What anatomical structure in the nasal cavity contains the receptors of the olfactory analyzer?
Питання 38
A woman has been diagnosed with right-sided purulent parotitis. The doctor performed a surgery on the parotid gland, after which the patient noted asymmetry of her face and drooping of her upper eyelid and right angle of the mouth. What nerve has been damaged by the doctor in this case?
Питання 39
When motility of the large intestine is disturbed, the processes of protein decay increase, resulting in formation of toxic products, in particular phenol. From which amino acid does this organic compound form?
Питання 40
A baby has a delay in eruption of the first teeth. What vitamin is deficient in this baby?
Питання 41
During amniocentesis, fetal cells contained two sex chromatin bodies (Barr bodies). What disease can be characterized by this finding?
Питання 42
As a result of an injury, the patient developed a dysfunction of the parotid salivary gland. What nerve ensures its secretion?
Питання 43
For preventive purposes, during a surgery on the maxilla, a patient with increased bleeding was administered a drug that improves blood coagulation by increasing the synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors (VI, VII, IX, X) that takes place mainly in the liver. What drug was administered in this case?
Питання 44
A man has been diagnosed with gigantism. What endocrine gland is dysfunctional in this case?
Питання 45
During a fire, a woman developed carbon monoxide poisoning. What hemoglobin compound will be detected in this patient?
Питання 46
What hereditary disorders cause sickle cell anemia?
Питання 47
Following the treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs, a 48-year-old woman developed optic nerve neuritis, memory impairment, and seizures. What anti-tuberculosis drug was she taking?
Питання 48
A 30-year-old woman diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus developed dry mouth. Histology of the biopsy material obtained from the salivary glands revealed signs of chronic sialadenitis with significant lymphocytic infiltration of the stroma and parenchymal atrophy with proliferation of the connective tissue. What pathological condition has developed in the patient?
Питання 49
In alkaptonuria, concentration of a certain acid increases in urine. Name this acid.
Питання 50
After organ heterotransplantation, transplant rejection was detected. What cells cause this process?